Rhume

Résumé

La rhinopharyngite (ou nasopharyngite, communément nommée rhume banal) est une infection fréquente et généralement bénigne des voies aériennes supérieures (cavité nasale et pharynx) par un virus, principalement les picornaviridés (dont les rhinovirus), les adénovirus ou les coronavirus. Les symptômes principaux du rhume banal se manifestent par une rhinite (éternuements, congestion et écoulement nasal de mucus), une toux sèche ou productive peu fréquente et tardive, une pharyngite, une conjonctivite, des myalgies, de la fatigue, des maux de tête, mais généralement pas de fièvre (si elle existe, et ce surtout chez l'enfant où elle est fréquente, elle ne dépasse pas les - ), une perte d’appétit et des douleurs diffuses (dans la moitié des cas). Il s’agit de l’infection respiratoire la plus fréquente chez les jeunes enfants. Étymologie Le mot « rhume » est emprunté au bas latin rheuma signifiant « flux marin » ou « catarrhe », terme lui-même emprunté au grec rheuma signif

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhume

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Nanoparticle size influences the magnitude and quality of mucosal immune responses after intranasal immunization

Jeffrey Alan Hubbell, Eleonora Simeoni, Armando Stano, Melody Swartz

Background: The development of nanoparticulate antigen-delivery systems is an important emerging area of vaccinology, being sought to amplify immune responses to recombinant antigens that are poorly immunogenic. Nanoparticle size may play an important role in influencing the activity of such particulate-based adjuvants. Methods: To explore how the size of nanoparticles that are in the range of many common viruses can modulate the magnitude and quality of mucosal immune responses, the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) was conjugated to 30 nm or 200 nm polypropylene sulfide nanoparticles (NPs) and administered intranasally to C57BL/6 mice. Results: We show that by increasing the size of the NPs from 30 to 200 nm, OVA was more effectively delivered into both MHC class I and MHC class II-presentation pathways. Intranasal immunization with the 200 nm NPs increased the magnitude of CD4(+) T cell responses in the lungs, as well as systemic and mucosal humoral responses. Most importantly, 200 nm NPs increased the proportion of antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4(+) T cells as compared to 30 nm NPs. Conclusions: The 200 nm NPs are a very interesting antigen nanocarrier for prophylactic vaccines against mucosal pathogens that require multifunctional CD4(+) T cells for protection. These results contribute to our understanding of how the size of an antigen-conjugated nanoparticle modulates mucosal immune responses to a protein antigen and may be useful to engineer subunit vaccines able to elicit appropriate mucosal immune responses that correlate with protection. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Elsevier2012

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Amino Acid Variation in HLA Class II Proteins Is a Major Determinant of Humoral Response to Common Viruses

Istvan Bartha, Jacques Fellay, Christian Hammer

The magnitude of the human antibody response to viral antigens is highly variable. To explore the human genetic contribution to this variability, we performed genome-wide association studies of the immunoglobulin G response to 14 pathogenic viruses in 2,363 immunocompetent adults. Significant associations were observed in the major histocompatibility complex region on chromosome 6 for influenza A virus, Epstein-Barr virus, JC polyomavirus, and Merkel cell polyomavirus. Using local imputation and fine mapping, we identified specific amino acid residues in human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II proteins as the most probable causal variants underlying these association signals. Common HLA-DR beta 1 haplotypes showed virus-specific patterns of humoral-response regulation. We observed an overlap between variants affecting the humoral response to influenza A and EBV and variants previously associated with autoimmune diseases related to these viruses. The results of this study emphasize the central and pathogen-specific role of HLA class II variation in the modulation of humoral immune response to viral antigens in humans.

Cell Press2015

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