Bionique

Résumé

La bionique est la science qui recherche, chez les plantes et les animaux, des modèles en vue de réalisations techniques. Elle se base sur l'étude des systèmes biologiques (biomécanique en particulier) pour développer (par biomimétisme éventuellement) des systèmes non biologiques susceptibles d'avoir des applications technologiques. Histoire En 1960, lors du premier congrès qui se tint à Dayton, dans l'Ohio, aux États-Unis, le nom de "Bionique" fut proposé par le major Jack E. Steele de l'U.S. Air Force pour nommer la science des systèmes qui ont un fonctionnement copié sur celui des systèmes naturels, ou qui présentent les caractéristiques spécifiques des systèmes naturels, ou encore qui leur sont analogues. Principes fondamentaux La bionique étudie la vie avec l'objectif de comprendre les mécanismes de fonctionnement des organismes vivants, afin de pouvoir les appliquer aux créations humaines. Elle s'intéresse à toutes les capacités des cellules, organismes o

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The course covers the fundaments of bioelectronics and integrated microelectronics for biomedical and implantable systems. Issues and trade-offs at the circuit and systems levels of invasive microelectronic systems as well as their eluding designs, methods and classical implementations are discussed

Neuroengineering is at the frontier between neuroscience and engineering: understanding how the brain works allows developing engineering applications and therapies of high impact, while the design of new measurement and data analysis techniques contributes to advance our knowledge about the brain.

The labels "biosensor" and "eBiochip" have been employed to refer to the most diverse systems and in several fields of application. The course is meant not only to provide means to dig into this sea but also a thoughtful understanding of the detection principles and a design perspective.

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Neuroprostheses based on electrical stimulation are becoming a therapeutic reality, dramatically improving the life of disabled people. They are based on neural interfaces that are designed to create an intimate contact with neural cells. These devices speak the language of electron currents, while the human nervous system uses ionic currents to communicate. A deep understanding of the complex interplay between these currents, during the electrical stimulation, is essential for the development of optimized neuroprostheses. Neural electrodes can have different geometries, placement within the nervous system, and the stimulation protocols (paradigms of use). This high-dimensional problem is not tractable by an empiric, brute-force approach and should be tackled by exact computational models, making use of our accumulated knowledge. In pursuit of this goal, a hybrid finite element method-NEURON modeling-is used for a solution of electrical field generated by stimulation, within the different neural structures having anisotropic conductivity, and a corresponding neural response computation. In this work, an important correction of perineurium electrical conductivity is computed. Models of median and sciatic nerves, innervating the hand and foot areas, relevant to the development of bionic hands and legs with sensory feedback, are implemented. The obtained results have the potential to optimize the design of neural interfaces, in terms of shape and number of stimulating contacts. Guidelines for the neurosurgical planning are proposed, by indicating the optimal number of implants for a specific nerve to obtain the best efficacy with the lowest invasiveness. The interpretation is proposed for one of the basic problems of neural interfaces, consisting in the change of the stimulation threshold due to fibrotic reaction of tissue. We show that it is possible to use human microstimulation as an experimental setup for testing of afferent stimulation paradigms, which can be translated to further chronic implants. In the future, models will have a key role in the decision of the most appropriate design of customized neuroprostheses, their optimal modality of use, understanding the effects that occur during their use, and minimizing animal and human experimentation.

Ieee-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc2017

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Morphological Neural Computation Restores Discrimination of Naturalistic Textures in Trans-radial Amputees

Silvestro Micera, Francesco Maria Petrini, Roberto Puddu, Simone Romeni, Ivo Strauss, Giacomo Valle, Fabrizio Vecchio

Humans rely on their sense of touch to interact with the environment. Thus, restoring lost tactile sensory capabilities in amputees would advance their quality of life. In particular, texture discrimination is an important component for the interaction with the environment, but its restoration in amputees has been so far limited to simplified gratings. Here we show that naturalistic textures can be discriminated by trans-radial amputees using intraneural peripheral stimulation and tactile sensors located close to the outer layer of the artificial skin. These sensors exploit the morphological neural computation (MNC) approach, i.e., the embodiment of neural computational functions into the physical structure of the device, encoding normal and shear stress to guarantee a faithful neural temporal representation of stimulus spatial structure. Two trans-radial amputees successfully discriminated naturalistic textures via the MNC-based tactile feedback. The results also allowed to shed light on the relevance of spike temporal encoding in the mechanisms used to discriminate naturalistic textures. Our findings pave the way to the development of more natural bionic limbs.

2020

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Brain network modulation in transradial amputee with finger perception restored through biomimetic intraneural stimulation

Silvestro Micera, Giacomo Valle, Fabrizio Vecchio

Introduction/aims The hand is a sophisticated tool which allows humans to interact with the external world mainly via the sense of touch. Previous evidences demonstrated that electrical stimulations of the nerve trunks governing the hand are able to restore touch perception in transradial amputees. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neurological correlates of restored perception by the evaluation of network characteristics of the brain connectome via EEG recordings in amputees utilizing a fully sensorized bionic hand. Methods A 48-year-old female with a left wrist traumatic disarticulation incurred 23 years prior to the study was enrolled for 6 months, during which experimental sessions were randomized. The control group included 12 healthy subjects performing a similar protocol. Results Results showed that in both amputee and control group, a trend of SW in delta and beta 1 is recognizable (Delta and Beta 1 opposite spread) selectively in the hemisphere contralateral to the stimulus. Discussion Delta increases (less orderly network) while Beta 1 decreases (more ordered network). It could be seen as a sign of higher attention and concentration of subjects to understand the perception and this monolateral modulation is similar to the bilateral attention given to the mathematical task difficulty's increment.

SPRINGER-VERLAG ITALIA SRL2021

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Ieee-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc2017