BiomédecineBiomedicine (also referred to as Western medicine, mainstream medicine or conventional medicine) is a branch of medical science that applies biological and physiological principles to clinical practice. Biomedicine stresses standardized, evidence-based treatment validated through biological research, with treatment administered via formally trained doctors, nurses, and other such licensed practitioners. Biomedicine also can relate to many other categories in health and biological related fields.
Fraude scientifiquevignette|Le crâne de l'homme de Piltdown, produit d'une fraude scientifique à la longévité exceptionnelle. Un acte de fraude scientifique est une action destinée à tromper dans le champ de la recherche scientifique et, de ce fait, doit être distingué de l'erreur scientifique. Elle constitue une violation de la déontologie de la recherche et de l'éthique professionnelle en vigueur à l'intérieur de la communauté scientifique. On distingue trois formes principales de fraude scientifique : la falsification des données, la fabrication des données et le plagiat.
Academic publishingAcademic publishing is the subfield of publishing which distributes academic research and scholarship. Most academic work is published in academic journal articles, books or theses. The part of academic written output that is not formally published but merely printed up or posted on the Internet is often called "grey literature". Most scientific and scholarly journals, and many academic and scholarly books, though not all, are based on some form of peer review or editorial refereeing to qualify texts for publication.
Droit de la concurrencevignette|Le droit à la concurrence est la branche du droit qui régit le marché libre. Le droit de la concurrence est une branche spécialisée du droit des affaires. Il regroupe l'ensemble des dispositions législatives et réglementaires visant à garantir le respect du principe de libre concurrence au sein d'une économie de libre marché. Entendu au sens strict du terme, le droit de la concurrence englobe les matières juridiques issues, directement ou indirectement, du droit de l'Union européenne : le droit des pratiques anticoncurrentielles ; le contrôle des concentrations ; le contrôle des aides d'État.
Academic dishonestyAcademic dishonesty, academic misconduct, academic fraud and academic integrity are related concepts that refer to various actions on the part of students that go against the expected norms of a school, university or other learning institution. Definitions of academic misconduct are usually outlined in institutional policies. Therefore, academic dishonesty consists of many different categories of behaviour, as opposed to being a singular concept. Academic dishonesty dates back to the first tests.
