ENV-525: Physics and hydrology of snow

Résumé

This course covers principles of snow physics, snow hydrology, snow-atmosphere interaction and snow modeling. It transmits sound understanding of physical processes within the snow and at its interfaces with the atmosphere and the ground, including field, laboratory, and modeling techniques.

Source officielle

https://edu.epfl.ch/coursebook/fr/physics-and-hydrology-of-snow-ENV-525

Page Moodle

http://go.epfl.ch/ENV-525

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Enseignants (3)

Séances de ce cours (50)

Concepts associés (581)

Cours associés (101)

MOOCs associés (41)

Michael Lehning

Johan Alexandre Philippe Gaume

I started my scientific career in 2008 at the Grenoble University in the IRSTEA laboratory where I did my master's thesis on the rheology of dense granular materials using the discrete element method. In the same lab, I followed with a PhD on the numerical modeling of the release depth of extreme avalanches using a combined mechanical-statistical approach and spatial extreme statistics. In 2013 I obtained a postdoc position at the WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF in Davos where I was in charge of developing and applying numerical models to improve the evaluation of avalanche release conditions and thus avalanche forecasting. While my PhD was mostly theoretical and numerical, my postdoc in Davos allowed me to gain a practical expertise by participating in laboratory and field experiments which helped to validate the models I develop. In 2016, I was awarded a SNF grant to work as a research and teaching associate in CRYOS at EPFL on the multiscale modeling of snow and avalanche processes. I developed discrete approaches to model snow micro-structure deformation and failure in order to evaluate constitutive snow models to be used at a larger scale in continuum models. I also developed numerical models for wind-driven snow transport. In 2017, I was a Visiting Scholar at UCLA to work on a Material Point Method (MPM) to simulate both the initiation and propagation of snow avalanches in a unified manner. The UCLA MPM model was initially developed for the Disney movie "Frozen" and has been modified and enriched based on Critical State Soil Mechanics to model the release and flow of slab avalanches. The results of this collaboration have been published in Nature Communications. In 2018, I was awarded the SNF Eccellenza Professorial Fellowship and became professor at EPFL and head of SLAB, the Snow and Avalanche Simulation Laboratory. At SLAB, we study micro-mechanical failure and fracture propagation of porous brittle solids, with applications in snow slab avalanche release. We also simulate avalanche dynamics and flow regime transitions over complex 3D terrain through the development of new models (depth-resolved and depth-averaged) based on MPM.In 2020, I obtained a SPARK grant to develop a new approach to simulate and better understand complex process chains in gravitational mass movements, including permafrost instabilities, rock, snow and ice avalanches and transitions to debris flows.

Wolf Hendrik Huwald

Dr. Hendrik Huwald is a scientist at the Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences (CRYOS) and a lecturer at the Environmental Sciences and Engineering Section (SSIE) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL). He completed his PhD in 2003 at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETHZ), developing a numerical model for sea ice and studying energy transfer processes in the Arctic. Between 2005 and 2012 he was a post-doctoral fellow and scientist at the Laboratory of Environmental Fluid Mechanics and Hydrology (EFLUM) of EPFL working on Alpine snow-atmosphere interaction, and energy balance-related research mainly in mountain regions. During this time, he designed, led and participated in numerous large field experiments in different environments. In 2013 he joined the newly founded CRYOS laboratory where he conducted research in the domains of snow science, hydrology, boundary layer meteorology and environmental sensing. He has extensive experience with project management both on national and international level.

Heat and Mass Transfer

Heat and Mass Transfer is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer. It serves the circulation of new developments in the field of basic research of heat and mass transfer phenomena, as well as related material properties and their measurements. Thereby applications to engineering problems are promoted. The journal publishes original research reports. As of 1995 the title Wärme- und Stoffübertragung was changed to Heat and Mass Transfer.

Snow hydrology

Snow hydrology is a scientific study in the field of hydrology which focuses on the composition, dispersion, and movement of snow and ice. Studies of snow hydrology predate the Anno Domini era, although major breakthroughs were not made until the mid eighteenth century. Snowfall, accumulation and melt are important hydrological processes in watersheds at high altitudes or latitudes. In many western states in United States, snow melt accounts for a large percentage of the spring runoff that serves as water supply to reservoirs, urban populations and agricultural activities.

Science de l'environnement

La science de l'environnement ou science environnementale est une discipline qui intègre les sciences physiques et biologiques telles la physique, la chimie (la biochimie et la chimie de l'environnement), la biologie, l'écologie, la pédologie, la géologie, la géomorphologie, la géographie, la climatologie, l'écologie rétrospective, l'histoire environnementale, etc. afin de mener l'étude de l'environnement.

Neige

La neige () est une forme de précipitations atmosphériques constituée de particules de glace ramifiées, de structure et d'aspect très variables qui sont la plupart du temps cristallisées et agglomérées en flocons contenant de l'air. Mais cette glace peut aussi être sous forme de grains (neige en grains, neige roulée) ou mouillée. Lorsqu'il y a suffisamment de froid et d'humidité dans l'atmosphère, la neige se forme naturellement par condensation solide de la vapeur d'eau à saturation autour des noyaux de congélation.

Précipitations

Les précipitations désignent toutes les formes de l'eau à l'état liquide ou solide provenant de l'atmosphère. Ces hydrométéores (cristaux de glace ou gouttelettes d'eau), ayant été soumis à des processus de condensation et d'agrégation à l'intérieur des nuages, sont devenus trop lourds pour demeurer en suspension dans l'atmosphère et tombent au sol ou s'évaporent en virga avant de l'atteindre. Les précipitations se caractérisent par trois principaux paramètres : leur volume, leur intensité et leur fréquence qui varient selon les lieux et les périodes (jours, mois ou années).