Vote par approbationLe vote par approbation ou vote par assentiment est un système de vote simple étudié et défendu par des théoriciens depuis les années 1970. Dans ce système l'électeur s'exprime sur chaque candidat en indiquant s'il le soutient ou non, et le candidat soutenu par le plus grand nombre est élu. Le vote par approbation fut utilisé dans la République de Venise au ainsi qu'au en Angleterre.
Sequential proportional approval votingSequential proportional approval voting (SPAV) or reweighted approval voting (RAV) is an electoral system that extends the concept of approval voting to a multiple winner election. It is a simplified version of proportional approval voting. Proposed by Danish statistician Thorvald N. Thiele in the early 1900s, it was used (with adaptations for party lists) in Sweden for a short period from 1909-1921, and was replaced by a cruder "party-list" style system as it was easier to calculate.
Vote d'approbation proportionnelLe vote d'approbation proportionnel est un système de vote théorique utilisable pour pourvoir plusieurs sièges. Son intérêt est de concilier le principe de représentation proportionnelle avec des votes sur les candidats directement, sans l'intermédiaire des listes partisanes. La méthode a été inventée par le mathématicien danois Thorvald Nicolai Thiele. La méthode fut utilisée quelques années en Suède, à partir de 1909. Comme dans le vote par approbation, chaque électeur choisit les candidats qu'il accepterait de voir élus.
ExpenseAn expense is an item requiring an outflow of money, or any form of fortune in general, to another person or group as payment for an item, service, or other category of costs. For a tenant, rent is an expense. For students or parents, tuition is an expense. Buying food, clothing, furniture, or an automobile is often referred to as an expense. An expense is a cost that is "paid" or "remitted", usually in exchange for something of value. Something that seems to cost a great deal is "expensive".
Overhead (business)In business, overhead or overhead expense refers to an ongoing expense of operating a business. Overheads are the expenditure which cannot be conveniently traced to or identified with any particular revenue unit, unlike operating expenses such as raw material and labor. Therefore, overheads cannot be immediately associated with the products or services being offered, thus do not directly generate profits. However, overheads are still vital to business operations as they provide critical support for the business to carry out profit making activities.
