NanotechnologieLes nanosciences et nanotechnologies (d’après le grec , « nain »), ou NST, peuvent être définies au minimum comme l’ensemble des études et des procédés de fabrication et de manipulation de structures (physiques, chimiques ou biologiques), de dispositifs et de systèmes matériels à l’échelle du nanomètre (nm), qui est l'unité la plus proche de la distance entre deux atomes. Les NST présentent plusieurs acceptions liées à la nature transversale de cette jeune discipline.
Débat sur les nanotechnologiesÀ l'instar des autres innovations scientifiques telles que les OGM, la téléphonie mobile, et le nucléaire, les nanoparticules font l'objet d'une controverse publique. Les développements actuels des sciences permettent d'explorer, à l'échelle du nanomètre, des domaines d'interfaces entre les différentes techniques : étudier et développer des techniques mettant en œuvre des procédés nanométriques impliquant à la fois des aspects chimiques, physiques et biologiques et notamment modifier la matière à l'échelle de l'atome.
Molecular nanotechnologyMolecular nanotechnology (MNT) is a technology based on the ability to build structures to complex, atomic specifications by means of mechanosynthesis. This is distinct from nanoscale materials. Based on Richard Feynman's vision of miniature factories using nanomachines to build complex products (including additional nanomachines), this advanced form of nanotechnology (or molecular manufacturing) would make use of positionally-controlled mechanosynthesis guided by molecular machine systems.
Applications of nanotechnologyThe applications of nanotechnology, commonly incorporate industrial, medicinal, and energy uses. These include more durable construction materials, therapeutic drug delivery, and higher density hydrogen fuel cells that are environmentally friendly. Being that nanoparticles and nanodevices are highly versatile through modification of their physiochemical properties, they have found uses in nanoscale electronics, cancer treatments, vaccines, hydrogen fuel cells, and nanographene batteries.
Doctor of PhilosophyA Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: philosophiae doctor or doctor philosophiae) is the most common degree at the highest academic level, awarded following a course of study and research. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Because it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a dissertation, and defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field.
