Cycle of povertyIn economics, a cycle of poverty or poverty trap is caused by self-reinforcing mechanisms that cause poverty, once it exists, to persist unless there is outside intervention. It can persist across generations, and when applied to developing countries, is also known as a development trap. Families trapped in the cycle of poverty have few to no resources. There are many self-reinforcing disadvantages that make it virtually impossible for individuals to break the cycle.
Poverty reductionPoverty reduction, poverty relief, or poverty alleviation is a set of measures, both economic and humanitarian, that are intended to permanently lift people out of poverty. Measures, like those promoted by Henry George in his economics classic Progress and Poverty, are those that raise, or are intended to raise, ways of enabling the poor to create wealth for themselves as a conduit of ending poverty forever. In modern times, various economists within the Georgism movement propose measures like the land value tax to enhance access to the natural world for all.
Theories of povertyTheories on the causes of poverty are the foundation upon which poverty reduction strategies are based. While in developed nations poverty is often seen as either a personal or a structural defect, in developing nations the issue of poverty is more profound due to the lack of governmental funds. Some theories on poverty in the developing world focus on cultural characteristics as a retardant of further development.
État-nationUn État-nation est un type particulier d'État dans lequel les individus sont censés appartenir dans leur majorité à une même nation. Il repose donc sur la coïncidence entre une notion d'ordre identitaire, l'appartenance à un groupe, la nation, et une notion d'ordre juridique, l'existence d'une forme de souveraineté et d'institutions politiques et administratives qui l'exercent, l'État. Sans cette coïncidence, on parlera plutôt d'un État multinational ou d'un empire, deux modes d'organisation politique favorables à la coexistence de minorités ethniques.
Villevignette|Ville de New York (États-Unis). vignette|Ville de Francfort-sur-le-Main (Allemagne). vignette|Ville de Saint-Pétersbourg (Russie). vignette|Ville de Tampere (Finlande). Une 'ville — le milieu urbain' — est un milieu à la fois physique et humain où se concentre une population qui organise son espace en fonction du site et de son environnement, en fonction de ses besoins et de ses activités propres et aussi de contingences, notamment socio-politiques.