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Augmented Cooper test: Biomechanical contributions to endurance performance

Kamiar Aminian, Salil Apte, Vincent Gremeaux, Simone Troxler

Running mechanics are modifiable with training and adopting an economical running technique can improve running economy and hence performance. While field measurement of running economy is cumbersome, running mechanics can be assessed accurately and conveniently using wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs). In this work, we extended this wearables-based approach to the Cooper test, by assessing the relative contribution of running biomechanics to the endurance performance. Furthermore, we explored different methods of estimating the distance covered in the Cooper test using a wearable global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver. Thirty-three runners (18 highly trained and 15 recreational) performed an incremental laboratory treadmill test to measure their maximum aerobic speed (MAS) and speed at the second ventilatory threshold (sVT2). They completed a 12-minute Cooper running test with foot-worm IMUs and a chest-worn GNSS-IMU on a running track 1-2 weeks later. Using the GNSS receiver, an accurate estimation of the 12-minute distance was obtained (accuracy of 16.5 m and precision of 1.1%). Using this distance, we showed a reliable estimation [R-2 > 0.9, RMSE epsilon (0.07, 0.25) km/h] of the MAS and sVT2. Biomechanical metrics were extracted using validated algorithm and their association with endurance performance was estimated. Additionally, the high-/low-performance runners were compared using pairwise statistical testing. All performance variables, MAS, sVT2, and average speed during Cooper test, were predicted with an acceptable error (R-2 >= 0.65, RMSE

FRONTIERS MEDIA SA2022

Concurrent Evolution of Biomechanical and Physiological Parameters With Running-Induced Acute Fatigue

Kamiar Aminian, Salil Apte, Vincent Gremeaux, Anisoara Ionescu, Gaëlle Prigent

Understanding the influence of running-induced acute fatigue on the homeostasis of the body is essential to mitigate the adverse effects and optimize positive adaptations to training. Fatigue is a multifactorial phenomenon, which influences biomechanical, physiological, and psychological facets. This work aimed to assess the evolution of these three facets with acute fatigue during a half-marathon. 13 recreational runners were equipped with one inertial measurement unit (IMU) on each foot, one combined global navigation satellite system-IMU-electrocardiogram sensor on the chest, and an Android smartphone equipped with an audio recording application. Spatio-temporal parameters for the running gait, along with the heart rate, its variability and complexity were computed using validated algorithms. Perceived fatigability was assessed using the rating-of-fatigue (ROF) scale at every 10 min of the race. The data was split into eight equal segments, corresponding to at least one ROF value per segment, and only level running parts were retained for analysis. During the race, contact time, duty factor, and trunk anteroposterior acceleration increased, and the foot strike angle and vertical stiffness decreased significantly. Heart rate showed a progressive increase, while the metrics for heart rate variability and complexity decreased during the race. The biomechanical parameters showed a significant alteration even with a small change in perceived fatigue, whereas the heart rate dynamics altered at higher changes. When divided into two groups, the slower runners presented a higher change in heart rate dynamics throughout the race than the faster runners; they both showed similar trends for the gait parameters. When tested for linear and non-linear correlations, heart rate had the highest association with biomechanical parameters, while the trunk anteroposterior acceleration had the lowest association with heart rate dynamics. These results indicate the ability of faster runners to better judge their physiological limits and hint toward a higher sensitivity of perceived fatigue to neuromuscular changes in the running gait. This study highlights measurable influences of acute fatigue, which can be studied only through concurrent measurement of biomechanical, physiological, and psychological facets of running in real-world conditions.

FRONTIERS MEDIA SA2022

Towards real-world biomechanical analysis of performance and functional capacity using wearable sensors

Salil Apte

Today, wearable heart rate monitors are an integral part of runners' training sessions, with heart rate data routinely used to assess effort intensity and stress on the body. As athletes translate their physical capacity into performance on the field through their movement, biomechanical assessment can provide valuable information that complements physiological assessment. However, the potential of using biomechanical information in the evaluation of training sessions and standardized tests in practice remains largely untapped, partly because the assessment devices remain cumbersome to use and often require long post-processing, as well as programming skills. The proposed work aims to realize this potential by developing field methods for performance and capacity evaluation using portable inertial measurement units (IMUs) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers.Running performance can be characterized by the ability to maintain appropriate running technique despite fatigue, while keeping the effort intensity prescribed by the coach, or planned as a pacing strategy. In this work, a systematic review was conducted to examine and synthesize the results of fatigue protocols in running, fol-lowed by continuous measurements during a competition to confirm the trends obtained from the review with data from the field and to measure the changes in running technique due to fatigue. In addition, models were developed to accurately estimate running power using foot-worn IMU over a range of speeds and inclines and validated using gold standard methods in the laboratory, to better characterize running intensity. The second part of this work consisted of investigating the ability of IMUs and GNSS to improve the evaluation of athletes in standardized tests, referred to as their functional capacity. Functional capacity is typically used by coaches to develop appropriate training loads for athletes. This work presented validated methods to instrument common functional tests with wearable sensors to measure the speed, agility, and endurance of athletes in the field. In addition, these methods enable the extraction and a deeper analysis of relevant biomechanical parameters that contribute to the measured capacity and help the sporting staff understand athletes' strengths and weaknesses in detail. All of the research conducted and methods developed in this work are based on various combinations of a minimal body-worn sensor setup with foot-worn IMUs and a single trunk-worn IMU-GNSS unit. The signal processing algorithms and models developed in this work allow the recorded signals to be translated into easily interpretable and actionable information. Based on this information, coaches and physical therapists can develop customized training programs that target the relevant parameters. The proposed sensor setups and methods have been used and validated in a variety of situations, such as pre-season testing of a professional soccer team, training sessions of elite sprinters, the Lausanne half-marathon race, etc., highlighting their potential for real-world application. I believe that this work will help pave the way towards a deeper understanding of the biomechanical contributions to performance in running and provide new tools for the development of personalized training and rehabilitation programs, with the goal of optimizing positive adaptation to training stimuli, thereby improving performance and reducing the incidence of injury.

EPFL2022

Concurrent Evolution of Biomechanical and Physiological Parameters With Running-Induced Acute Fatigue

Kamiar Aminian, Salil Apte, Vincent Gremeaux, Anisoara Ionescu, Gaëlle Prigent

FRONTIERS MEDIA SA2022

Towards real-world biomechanical analysis of performance and functional capacity using wearable sensors

Salil Apte

EPFL2022