Johanna Kristin Maria Becker

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Modelling of AC/DC Interactions of Converter-Interfaced Resources for Harmonic Power-Flow Studies in Microgrids

Johanna Kristin Maria Becker, Andreas Martin Kettner, Mario Paolone, Yihui Zuo

Modern power distribution systems experience a large-scale integration of Converter-Interfaced Distributed Energy Resources (CIDERs). As acknowledged by recent literature, the interaction of individual CIDER components and different CIDERs through the grid can lead to undesirable amplification of harmonic frequencies and, ultimately, compromise the distribution system stability. In this context, the interaction of the DC and AC sides of CIDERs has been shown to have a significant impact. In order to analyze and support the mitigation of such phenomena, the authors of this paper recently proposed a Harmonic Power-Flow (HPF) framework for polyphase grids with a high share of CIDERs. The framework considers the coupling between harmonics, but ignores the DC-side response of the CIDERs. Modelling the DC side and the AC/DC converter introduces a nonlinearity into the CIDER model that needs to be approximated for the numerical solution of the HPF. This paper extends the CIDER model and HPF framework to address this aspect, whose inclusion is non-trivial. The extended HPF method is applied to a modified version of the CIGRÉ low-voltage benchmark microgrid. The results are compared to (i) timedomain simulations with Simulink, (ii) the predecessor of the extended HPF which neglects the DC side, and (iii) a classical decoupled HPF.

2022

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Power distribution systems are experiencing a largescale integration of Converter-Interfaced Distributed Energy Resources (CIDERs). This complicates the analysis and mitigation of harmonics, whose creation and propagation are facilitated by the interactions of converters and their controllers through the grid. In this paper, a method for the calculation of the so-called Harmonic Power-Flow (HPF) in three-phase grids with CIDERs is proposed. The distinguishing feature of this HPF method is the generic and modular representation of the system components. Notably, as opposed to most of the existing approaches, the coupling between harmonics is explicitly considered. The HPF problem is formulated by combining the hybrid nodal equations of the grid with the closed-loop transfer functions of the CIDERs, and solved using the Newton-Raphson method. The grid components are characterized by compound electrical parameters, which allow to represent both transposed or non-transposed lines. The CIDERs are represented by modular linear time-periodic systems, which allows to treat both grid-forming and gridfollowing control laws. The method’s accuracy and computational efficiency are confirmed via time-domain simulations of the CIGRÉ low-voltage benchmark microgrid. This paper is divided in two parts, which focus on the development (Part I) and the validation (Part II) of the proposed method.

2021

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In Part I, a method for the Harmonic Power-Flow (HPF) study of three-phase power grids with Converter-Interfaced Distributed Energy Resources (CIDERs) is proposed. The method is based on generic and modular representations of the grid and the CIDERs, and explicitly accounts for coupling between harmonics. In Part II, the HPF method is validated. First, the applicability of the modeling framework is demonstrated on typical grid-forming and grid-following CIDERs. Then, the HPF method is implemented in Matlab and compared against timedomain simulations with Simulink. The accuracy of the models and the performance of the solution algorithm are assessed for individual resources and a modified version of the CIGRÉ lowvoltage benchmark microgrid (i.e., with additional unbalanced components). The observed maximum errors are 6.3E-5 p.u. w.r.t. voltage magnitude, 1.3E-3 p.u. w.r.t. current magnitude, and 0.9 deg w.r.t. phase. Moreover, the scalability of the method is assessed w.r.t. the number of CIDERs and the maximum harmonic order (≤25). For the maximum problem size, the execution time of the HPF method is 6.52 sec, which is 5 times faster than the time-domain simulation. The convergence of the method is robust w.r.t. the choice of the initial point, and multiplicity of solutions has not been observed.

2021

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