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In the ITER Tokamak, four Electron Cyclotron Heating Upper Launchers (ECHUL) are needed to control plasma instabilities at the rational surfaces, most importantly the q = 3/2 and q = 2/1 neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs). Each ECHUL is equipped with a set ...
On ITER, long pulse gyrotrons are required as a power source for electron cyclotron heating (ECH) and current drive (CD). The microwaves are guided from the gyrotrons, which are placed far from the Tokamak, into the plasma by transmission lines (TLs) and a ...
Four Electron Cyclotron Heating Upper Launchers (ECHUL) will be used at ITER to counteract magneto-hydrodynamic plasma instabilities by targeting them with up to 20 MW of mm-wave power at 170 GHz. The millimeter waves are guided through a set of fixed mirr ...
Many future fusion devices will rely heavily, if not solely, on electron cyclotron (EC) heating subsystems to provide bulk heating, instability control (neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) stabilization), and thermal instability control. Efficient use of the i ...