Lattice model (finance)In finance, a lattice model is a technique applied to the valuation of derivatives, where a discrete time model is required. For equity options, a typical example would be pricing an American option, where a decision as to option exercise is required at "all" times (any time) before and including maturity. A continuous model, on the other hand, such as Black–Scholes, would only allow for the valuation of European options, where exercise is on the option's maturity date.
Abstraction layerIn computing, an abstraction layer or abstraction level is a way of hiding the working details of a subsystem. Examples of software models that use layers of abstraction include the OSI model for network protocols, OpenGL, and other graphics libraries, which allow the separation of concerns to facilitate interoperability and platform independence. Another example is Media Transfer Protocol. In computer science, an abstraction layer is a generalization of a conceptual model or algorithm, away from any specific implementation.
Neural networkA neural network can refer to a neural circuit of biological neurons (sometimes also called a biological neural network), a network of artificial neurons or nodes in the case of an artificial neural network. Artificial neural networks are used for solving artificial intelligence (AI) problems; they model connections of biological neurons as weights between nodes. A positive weight reflects an excitatory connection, while negative values mean inhibitory connections. All inputs are modified by a weight and summed.
Volatility smileVolatility smiles are implied volatility patterns that arise in pricing financial options. It is a parameter (implied volatility) that is needed to be modified for the Black–Scholes formula to fit market prices. In particular for a given expiration, options whose strike price differs substantially from the underlying asset's price command higher prices (and thus implied volatilities) than what is suggested by standard option pricing models. These options are said to be either deep in-the-money or out-of-the-money.
Threads POSIXLes threads POSIX, souvent appelés pthreads, sont un sous-standard de la norme POSIX décrivant une interface de programmation permettant de gérer des threads. Il s'agit du standard IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995 (POSIX.1c, Threads extensions). Cette interface est disponible sur la plupart des systèmes Unix modernes, par exemple Linux, les différentes variantes modernes de BSD, Mac OS X et Solaris. Elle n'est pas disponible nativement sous Microsoft Windows mais il existe plusieurs implémentations dont une de Microsoft.
Utility poleA utility pole is a column or post usually made out of wood used to support overhead power lines and various other public utilities, such as electrical cable, fiber optic cable, and related equipment such as transformers and street lights. It can be referred to as a transmission pole, telephone pole, telecommunication pole, power pole, hydro pole, telegraph pole, or telegraph post, depending on its application. A Stobie pole is a multi-purpose pole made of two steel joists held apart by a slab of concrete in the middle, generally found in South Australia.
SûretéEn politique, la sûreté est la protection contre le pouvoir ou la violence, le danger ou les menaces. Plus particulièrement, dans la déclaration des Droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789, la sûreté est la garantie dont dispose chaque être humain contre l'arbitraire (du pouvoir) : par exemple une arrestation, un emprisonnement ou une condamnation. En droit constitutionnel français, la sûreté est, avec la liberté, la propriété, et la résistance à l'oppression, l'un des quatre « droits naturels et imprescriptibles de l'homme », selon l'article 2 de la déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789.
Fibre (informatique)En informatique, une fibre (fiber en anglais) est un type de thread particulièrement léger. Comme les threads, les fibres partagent le même espace mémoire. Toutefois, les fibres utilisent impérativement un multitâche coopératif là où les threads utilisent en général un multitâche préemptif. Les threads dépendent souvent de l'ordonnanceur (en anglais scheduler) du noyau (en anglais kernel) pour préempter un thread occupé et reprendre l'exécution d'un autre thread.
Physical neural networkA physical neural network is a type of artificial neural network in which an electrically adjustable material is used to emulate the function of a neural synapse or a higher-order (dendritic) neuron model. "Physical" neural network is used to emphasize the reliance on physical hardware used to emulate neurons as opposed to software-based approaches. More generally the term is applicable to other artificial neural networks in which a memristor or other electrically adjustable resistance material is used to emulate a neural synapse.
Système d'exploitationEn informatique, un système d'exploitation (souvent appelé OS — de l'anglais operating system — ou parfois SE — en français) est un ensemble de programmes qui dirige l'utilisation des ressources d'un ordinateur par des logiciels applicatifs. Il reçoit des demandes d'utilisation des ressources de l'ordinateur de la part des logiciels applicatifs. Le système d'exploitation gère les demandes ainsi que les ressources nécessaires évitant les interférences entre les logiciels.
