The CELO adenovirus Gam1 protein enhances transient and stable recombinant protein expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells

The Gam1 protein of the avian CELO adenovirus activates transcription through inhibition of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). We investigated the effect of Gam1 on both transient and stable transgene expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, one of the most commonly used mammalian hosts for the large-scale production of recombinant proteins. Transient expression of Gam1 increased reporter protein levels up to 4-fold in suspension cultures of CHO DG44 cells co-transfected with a reporter gene and up to 20-fold in recombinant CHO DG44-derived cell lines. The highest levels of activation were observed when the transgene was under the control of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate early promoter/enhancer. Increases in recombinant protein expression in the presence of Gam1 were not accompanied by an enhancement of cell growth or viability. We conclude that Gam1 may serve as a useful genetic tool for increasing recombinant protein expression in CHO DG44 cells.

Lentiviral Vector-Mediated Gene Delivery for the Generation of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Lines with Improved Productivity and Stability

Agata Oberbek

Recombinant cell line generation by standard transfection techniques is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process often leading to an unpredictable outcome as transgene integration is a rare, random event. Consequently, the population of cells obtained after standard gene delivery is heterogeneous in terms of specific growth and recombinant protein productivity. Therefore, genetic selection is usually applied to the population for up to 3 weeks to eliminate non-recombinant cells. A large number of the surviving cell lines must be screened to find a few which stably produce the recombinant protein at the desired level. These must be maintained in culture for 2-4 months in the absence of selection to assess the stability of protein production. In contrast, lentiviral vectors (LVs) deliver the recombinant gene to target cells through infection and a controlled integration process, which allows the inserted transgene to become a permanent genetic element of the transduced cell. Moreover, lentiviruses tend to integrate into transcriptionally active sites of the host cell genome. Hence, LV-mediated gene transfer was expected to increase the probability of generating a stable high-producing clone in comparison to the standard methods based on plasmid transfection. Therefore, the objective of this PhD thesis was to improve the efficiency of stable cell line generation with the use of LVs. For this purpose, LVs carrying the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene under the control of either the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter/enhancer (CMV) or the elongation factor-1 alpha promoter (EF-1α) were generated and used to infect Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Two days after gene delivery at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 2, up to 98% of infected cells were eGFP-positive. Following isolation by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), CHO cell pools and clonal cell lines were analyzed for the stability of eGFP expression over time. In these studies, the EF-1α promoter was found to yield more stable and homogeneous protein expression compared to the CMV promoter. For comparison, cell pools and cell lines were generated by transfection with the LV transfer plasmid bearing the eGFP gene. The level and stability of eGFP expression was greater in LV-generated pools and cell lines than in those established by transfection. Subsequently, an LV expressing the tumor necrosis factor receptor-Fc (TNFR-Fc) fusion gene and the eGFP gene from a bicistronic mRNA under the control of the EF-1α promoter (LV_EF-TNFR) was generated and used to infect CHO cells. Based on selective FACS gating for high eGFP expression, stable CHO clones showing volumetric productivities of up to 100 mg/L of TNFR-Fc in a non-optimized batch process could be isolated within 2 days of infection at an MOI of 2. The level of expression of the recombinant protein remained constant for 3 months in serum-free suspension culture and in the absence of chemical selective agents. Next, CHO cells were infected at 3 higher MOIs with the LV_EF-TNFR and clonal cell lines with high eGFP-specific fluorescence were recovered by FACS at 2 d post-infection. These cell lines had volumetric TNFR:Fc productivities ranging from 100 to 400 mg/L in 4-day cultures with cell-specific secretion rates up to 100 pg/cell/day. Moreover, recombinant cell lines developed by the LV-based technology could be successfully cultured in bench-scale bioreactors, yielding up to 1.5 g/L of TNFR:Fc under batch mode operation. The increase in integrated TNFR:Fc copy number was found to correlate with the MOI, and resulted in improved protein productivity. However, this relationship was found to be non-linear: cell saturation in terms of protein productivity and integrated transgene copy number was observed at an MOI of 100. In order to determine the shortest time-frame necessary for the production of satisfactory quantities of a recombinant product, the high MOI-infection approach was tested on pools of transduced cells. Without a priori FACS isolation, recombinant pools of CHO cells expressing on average 500 mg/L of TNFR:Fc within 8 days of inoculation at 3 × 105 cells/ml could be obtained. This strategy provided a simple protocol for high titer recombinant protein production, executable within 4 weeks from LV batch preparation to product harvest. Since large-scale production of LVs would be needed for industrialized bioprocesses, a method for LV production in serum-free suspension culture was developed. However, the best titers generated by this system were still approximately 20-fold lower than the yields obtained regularly from the adherent cultures, thus leaving room for further optimization. In conclusion, LV-mediated gene transfer provided an efficient alternative to plasmid transfection for the generation of stable and high-producing recombinant cell lines. Moreover, it proved amenable to large-scale manufacture and could yield several hundred milligrams per liter of the recombinant product without the need for any kind of genetic selection. In addition, using the LV technology described here it seems possible to target the number of copies of the delivered transgene to a specific range which balances favorable growth with good productivity characteristics.

EPFL2010

Development of plasmid-based expression technology for rapid and sustained production of recombinant proteins in insect cells

Xiao Shen

Due to the high demand for heterogeneous protein production in insect cells, we have established efficient methods for plasmid-based transient gene expression (TGE) in various insect cell lines, including commonly used Spodoptera cell lines Sf9 and HighFive™ (H5) and the Diptera cell line Schneider S2 from Drosophila melanogaster, as a high-yield protein production platform. The cells were grown in suspension in orbitally shaken containers at working volumes of 5-300 mL. Rapid cell growth and high cell densities were obtained. Among the various transfection agents tested, polyethylenimine supported high transfection efficiencies in all three cell lines. Intensive optimizations of TGE processes for the three cell lines were executed. For example, various promoter and enhancer elements were compared. Using an optimal TGE process, transfection efficiencies (percentage of transfected cells) of over 85% were obtained for all three cell lines. Yields of the secreted protein tumor necrosis factor receptor-Fc fusion (TNFR-Fc) ranged from 100 – 200 mg/L for the three cell lines using a gene optimized for expression in insect cells. The molecular weight of the Sf9-derived dimeric TNFR-Fc was about 6 kDa less than the equivalent product synthesized by Chinese hamster ovary cells due to differences in glycosylation. In addition, several difficult-to-express proteins, that failed to be delivered at sufficient quantity using other expression systems, were successfully produced in S2 cells by TGE. A human serotonin receptor was expressed at 20-60 mg/L; empty and peptideloaded MHC II tetramer complexes were expressed at up to 150 mg/L; neutrophil serine proteases were expressed at levels over 50 mg/L; and protein tyrosine kinases were expressed at levels over 2 mg/L. These yields were obtained within 5 days of transfection at volumetric scales up to 300 mL. We also developed methods for the generation of stable polyclonal pools of recombinant S2 cells based on plasmid cotransfection in the context of the Piggybac transposon. After two weeks of genetic selection of recombinant cells, the recombinant pools remained stable for at least 100 days in the absence of selection with volumetric TNFR-Fc productivity over 40 mg/L in a 4-day batch culture. Our data highlight the use of plasmid-based expression systems in insect cells to meet the demand for rapid and sustained production of proteins in sufficient quantities for biomedical research and for the biotechnology industry.

EPFL2014

Transient gene expression for rapid protein production

Natalie Muller

Recombinant proteins are important for biomedical research and for the treatment of human disease. Therefore it is necessary to develop reproducible bioprocesses to rapidly produce proteins of adequate quality and quantity. Expression in mammalian cells is preferred if the proteins are to be properly folded and post-translationally modified. For the rapid production of milligram to gram quantities of a protein in mammalian cells, large-scale transient gene expression is an attractive option. The two most important components of this technology are the cell cultivation system and the gene delivery method. For this reason the goal of this thesis was to develop novel cost-efficient cell cultivation systems and gene delivery methods for the large-scale transfection of mammalian cells in chemically defined media free of any animal-derived components including serum. Cultivation of mammalian cells in suspension is essential for large-scale transient gene expression. A superior system for the cultivation of mammalian cells based on the agitation of cells in "square-shaped" glass bottles (square bottles) was developed. It is an inexpensive but efficient means to grow cells to a high density without instrumentation. The growth and viability of cultures of both human embryo kidney (HEK) 293E and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DG44 cells in agitated one-liter square bottles exceeded that in spinner flasks, reaching cell densities 1.5 times higher on average. Furthermore, an efficient and reproducible method to transfect cells in agitated square bottles was developed for both HEK 293E and CHO DG44 cells. A novel gene delivery method termed calfection that relies on the addition of DNA and CaCl2 directly to a suspension culture was developed. Calfection has a number of advantages over existing gene delivery methods such as calcium phosphate-DNA coprecipitation in that there are no time-dependent steps. The DNA/CaCl2 solution can be stored for long periods and is filterable. It is suitable for both large-scale transfections in bioreactors and for high-throughput transfections in microtiter plates. One drawback, however, is its dependence on the presence of serum in the culture medium. A second gene delivery method, serum-free transfection with polyethylenimine (polyfection), proved to be highly efficient for the transfection of both HEK 293E and CHO DG44 cells. A reproducible method for polyfection in microtiter plates, 50 ml centrifuge tubes, agitated square and round bottles, spinner flasks, and bioreactors was optimized for these two cell lines. Polyfection proved to be a simple and successful gene transfer method in both instrumented and non-instrumented cultivation systems. Importantly, it could be performed in serum-free chemically defined media. With HEK 293E cells, 80 mg/l of antibody was produced in agitated square bottles and with CHO DG44 cells, more than 2 g of antibody were produced in one week in a 150-liter bioreactor.

EPFL2005