BosonEn mécanique quantique, un boson est une particule subatomique de spin entier qui obéit à la statistique de Bose-Einstein. Le théorème spin-statistique différencie les bosons des fermions, qui ont un spin demi-entier. La famille des bosons inclut des particules élémentaires : les photons, les gluons, les bosons Z et W (ce sont les quatre bosons de jauge du modèle standard), le boson de Higgs (découvert en 2012), et le graviton encore théorique ; ainsi que des particules composites (les mésons et les noyaux qui ont un nombre de masse pair comme le deutérium, l'hélium 4 ou le plomb 208) ; et quelques quasi-particules (paires de Cooper, plasmons et phonons).
Brisure spontanée de symétrieEn physique, le terme brisure spontanée de symétrie (BSS) renvoie au fait que, sous certaines conditions, certaines propriétés de la matière ne semblent pas respecter les équations décrivant le mouvement des particules (on dit qu'elles n'ont pas les mêmes symétries). Cette incohérence n'est qu'apparente et signifie simplement que les équations présentent une approximation à améliorer. Cette notion joue un rôle important en physique des particules et en physique de la matière condensée.
Mass generationIn theoretical physics, a mass generation mechanism is a theory that describes the origin of mass from the most fundamental laws of physics. Physicists have proposed a number of models that advocate different views of the origin of mass. The problem is complicated because the primary role of mass is to mediate gravitational interaction between bodies, and no theory of gravitational interaction reconciles with the currently popular Standard Model of particle physics.
Wu experimentThe Wu experiment was a particle and nuclear physics experiment conducted in 1956 by the Chinese American physicist Chien-Shiung Wu in collaboration with the Low Temperature Group of the US National Bureau of Standards. The experiment's purpose was to establish whether or not conservation of parity (P-conservation), which was previously established in the electromagnetic and strong interactions, also applied to weak interactions. If P-conservation were true, a mirrored version of the world (where left is right and right is left) would behave as the mirror image of the current world.
Interaction pointIn particle physics, an interaction point (IP) is the place where particles collide in an accelerator experiment. The nominal interaction point is the design position, which may differ from the real or physics interaction point, where the particles actually collide. A related, but distinct, concept is the primary vertex: the reconstructed location of an individual particle collision. For fixed target experiments, the interaction point is the point where beam and target interact. For colliders, it is the place where the beams interact.
Electron–ion colliderAn electron–ion collider (EIC) is a type of particle accelerator collider designed to collide spin-polarized beams of electrons and ions, in order to study the properties of nuclear matter in detail via deep inelastic scattering. In 2012, a whitepaper was published, proposing the developing and building of an EIC accelerator, and in 2015, the Department of Energy Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) named the construction of an electron–ion collider one of the top priorities for the near future in nuclear physics in the United States.
