Programmed cell deathProgrammed cell death (PCD; sometimes referred to as cellular suicide) is the death of a cell as a result of events inside of a cell, such as apoptosis or autophagy. PCD is carried out in a biological process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's lifecycle. For example, the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the fingers apoptose; the result is that the digits are separate. PCD serves fundamental functions during both plant and animal tissue development.
Directional selectionIn population genetics, directional selection, is a mode of negative natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype. Under directional selection, the advantageous allele increases as a consequence of differences in survival and reproduction among different phenotypes. The increases are independent of the dominance of the allele, and even if the allele is recessive, it will eventually become fixed.
ThymomeUn thymome (de thymus, en θυμός, ), ou tumeur épithéliale thymique, est une tumeur solide développée aux dépens du thymus, un organe intrathoracique du système immunitaire. Les thymomes atteignent plutôt l'adulte. Il en existe plusieurs sortes, et ils sont généralement asymptomatiques, mais certains sont liés à des maladies systémiques comme la myasthénie (une maladie auto-immune caractérisée par une faiblesse musculaire) ou le syndrome de Good (une défaillance du système immunitaire).
