Mean squared prediction errorIn statistics the mean squared prediction error (MSPE), also known as mean squared error of the predictions, of a smoothing, curve fitting, or regression procedure is the expected value of the squared prediction errors (PE), the square difference between the fitted values implied by the predictive function and the values of the (unobservable) true value g. It is an inverse measure of the explanatory power of and can be used in the process of cross-validation of an estimated model.
Résidu (statistiques)In statistics and optimization, errors and residuals are two closely related and easily confused measures of the deviation of an observed value of an element of a statistical sample from its "true value" (not necessarily observable). The error of an observation is the deviation of the observed value from the true value of a quantity of interest (for example, a population mean). The residual is the difference between the observed value and the estimated value of the quantity of interest (for example, a sample mean).
Vasièrethumb|Vasière dans le bassin d'Arcachon. Une vasière est un habitat littoral, estuarien ou sous-marin ou d'eau douce constitué de matériaux sédimentés fins non sableux. En tant qu'habitat naturel, une vasière correspond à une zone de sédimentation naturelle, mais il existe des situations plus artificielles (en raison de la construction d'un grand barrage ou d'une régulation du cours d'un fleuve par exemple), qui peuvent offrir des milieux de substitution pour la faune, s'ils ne sont pas pollués et s'ils conservent une certaine naturalité dans leur fonctionnement écologique.
Fuzzy set operationsFuzzy set operations are a generalization of crisp set operations for fuzzy sets. There is in fact more than one possible generalization. The most widely used operations are called standard fuzzy set operations; they comprise: fuzzy complements, fuzzy intersections, and fuzzy unions. Let A and B be fuzzy sets that A,B ⊆ U, u is any element (e.g. value) in the U universe: u ∈ U. Standard complement The complement is sometimes denoted by ∁A or A∁ instead of ¬A.
