Effet KerrL'effet Kerr est un phénomène de biréfringence créée dans un matériau par un champ électrique. Cela se caractérise par l'existence de deux indices de réfraction différents : un rayon lumineux peut être séparé en deux rayons lorsqu'il entre dans ce matériau. La biréfringence induite varie, contrairement à l'effet Pockels, selon le carré du champ électrique appliqué, c.-à-d. selon son intensité. Les matériaux présentent en général un effet Kerr très peu visible, ce dernier étant plus prononcé dans certains liquides.
Railway signallingRailway signalling ( ()), also called railroad signaling ( ()), is a system used to control the movement of railway traffic. Trains move on fixed rails, making them uniquely susceptible to collision. This susceptibility is exacerbated by the enormous weight and inertia of a train, which makes it difficult to quickly stop when encountering an obstacle. In the UK, the Regulation of Railways Act 1889 introduced a series of requirements on matters such as the implementation of interlocked block signalling and other safety measures as a direct result of the Armagh rail disaster in that year.
Strain (chemistry)In chemistry, a molecule experiences strain when its chemical structure undergoes some stress which raises its internal energy in comparison to a strain-free reference compound. The internal energy of a molecule consists of all the energy stored within it. A strained molecule has an additional amount of internal energy which an unstrained molecule does not. This extra internal energy, or strain energy, can be likened to a compressed spring.
Stress–strain curveIn engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing). These curves reveal many of the properties of a material, such as the Young's modulus, the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength. Generally speaking, curves representing the relationship between stress and strain in any form of deformation can be regarded as stress–strain curves.
Plastique à renfort de verreUn plastique à renfort de verre (ou Polyester Renforcé de fibres de Verre ou Polymère Renforcé aux fibres de Verre, symbolisé habituellement par ses initiales PRV ; en anglais, glass-reinforced plastic ou GRP) est un matériau composite constitué d’une matrice polymère (appelée résine) renforcée par des fibres ou parfois par des microsphères de verre. La résine est généralement un polyester thermodurcissable, un époxyde, un vinylester ou thermoplastique (polyamide, par exemple).
