Familial sleep traitsFamilial sleep traits are heritable variations in sleep patterns, resulting in abnormal sleep-wake times and/or abnormal sleep length. Circadian rhythms are coordinated physiological and biological changes that oscillate on an approximately 24-hour cycle. Disruptions to these rhythms in humans may affect the duration, onset, and/or quality of sleep during this cycle, resulting in familial sleep traits. These traits are not necessarily syndromes because they do not always cause distress among individuals.
Circadian rhythm sleep disorderCircadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD), also known as circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSWD), are a family of sleep disorders which affect the timing of sleep. CRSDs arise from a persistent pattern of sleep/wake disturbances that can be caused either by dysfunction in one's biological clock system, or by misalignment between one's endogenous oscillator and externally imposed cues. As a result of this mismatch, those affected by circadian rhythm sleep disorders have a tendency to fall asleep at unconventional time points in the day.
Variabilité du nombre de copiesLa variabilité du nombre de copies d'un gène (en anglais copy number variation, CNV) désigne en génétique une forme particulière de polymorphisme dans lequel le nombre de copies d'un même gène ou d'un segment chromosomique dans le génome est variable entre les individus de la même espèce. La présence de plusieurs copies de même gènes dans le génome est due à des événements de duplication de gènes, qui peuvent affecter un gène, quelques gènes, ou l'intégralité du génome.
Light effects on circadian rhythmLight effects on circadian rhythm are the effects that light has on circadian rhythm. Most animals and other organisms have "built-in clocks" in their brains that regulate the timing of biological processes and daily behavior. These "clocks" are known as circadian rhythms. They allow maintenance of these processes and behaviors relative to the 24-hour day/night cycle in nature. Although these rhythms are maintained by the individual organisms, their length does vary somewhat individually.
Whole genome sequencingWhole genome sequencing (WGS), also known as full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing, is the process of determining the entirety, or nearly the entirety, of the DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast. Whole genome sequencing has largely been used as a research tool, but was being introduced to clinics in 2014.
Gene expression programmingIn computer programming, gene expression programming (GEP) is an evolutionary algorithm that creates computer programs or models. These computer programs are complex tree structures that learn and adapt by changing their sizes, shapes, and composition, much like a living organism. And like living organisms, the computer programs of GEP are also encoded in simple linear chromosomes of fixed length. Thus, GEP is a genotype–phenotype system, benefiting from a simple genome to keep and transmit the genetic information and a complex phenotype to explore the environment and adapt to it.
Histoire génétique des populations européennesvignette|redresse=1.5|Analyse en composantes principales des populations européennes actuelles à partir de et (2009). L’histoire génétique des populations européennes débute au Paléolithique supérieur avec l'arrivée en Europe il y a des hommes modernes venus d'Afrique via le Moyen-Orient. Avec le dernier maximum glaciaire, un effet fondateur se produit, et provoque une augmentation de la pression sélective qui permet à une lignée de prendre de l'ampleur au Mésolithique.
CLOCKCLOCK (from circadian locomotor output cycles kaput) is a gene encoding a basic helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription factor that is known to affect both the persistence and period of circadian rhythms. Research shows that the gene plays a major role as an activator of downstream elements in the pathway critical to the generation of circadian rhythms. The CLOCK gene was first identified in 1997 by Joseph Takahashi and his colleagues.
Candidate geneThe candidate gene approach to conducting genetic association studies focuses on associations between genetic variation within pre-specified genes of interest, and phenotypes or disease states. This is in contrast to genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which is a hypothesis-free approach that scans the entire genome for associations between common genetic variants (typically SNPs) and traits of interest. Candidate genes are most often selected for study based on a priori knowledge of the gene's biological functional impact on the trait or disease in question.
GénomiqueLa génomique est une discipline de la biologie moderne. Elle étudie le fonctionnement d'un organisme, d'un organe, d'un cancer, etc. à l'échelle du génome, au lieu de se limiter à l'échelle d'un seul gène. La génomique se divise en deux branches : La génomique structurale, qui se charge du séquençage du génome entier ; La génomique fonctionnelle, qui vise à déterminer la fonction et l'expression des gènes séquencés en caractérisant le transcriptome et le protéome. La génomique est l'équivalent de la métabolomique pour les métabolites.
