Motion compensationMotion compensation in computing, is an algorithmic technique used to predict a frame in a video, given the previous and/or future frames by accounting for motion of the camera and/or objects in the video. It is employed in the encoding of video data for video compression, for example in the generation of MPEG-2 files. Motion compensation describes a picture in terms of the transformation of a reference picture to the current picture. The reference picture may be previous in time or even from the future.
Video coding formatA video coding format (or sometimes video compression format) is a content representation format for storage or transmission of digital video content (such as in a data file or bitstream). It typically uses a standardized video compression algorithm, most commonly based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) coding and motion compensation. A specific software, firmware, or hardware implementation capable of compression or decompression to/from a specific video coding format is called a video codec.
Rate–distortion theoryRate–distortion theory is a major branch of information theory which provides the theoretical foundations for lossy data compression; it addresses the problem of determining the minimal number of bits per symbol, as measured by the rate R, that should be communicated over a channel, so that the source (input signal) can be approximately reconstructed at the receiver (output signal) without exceeding an expected distortion D. Rate–distortion theory gives an analytical expression for how much compression can be achieved using lossy compression methods.
Compression artifactA compression artifact (or artefact) is a noticeable distortion of media (including , audio, and video) caused by the application of lossy compression. Lossy data compression involves discarding some of the media's data so that it becomes small enough to be stored within the desired or transmitted (streamed) within the available bandwidth (known as the data rate or bit rate). If the compressor cannot store enough data in the compressed version, the result is a loss of quality, or introduction of artifacts.
Distorsion (musique)vignette|droite|Pédale d'effet Turbo Distortion, fabriquée par l'entreprise Boss. La distorsion est un effet audio utilisé dans la création de sons saturés et distordus, en compressant les pics du signal audio d'un instrument de musique électronique et en y ajoutant des partiels acoustiques. Un effet par distorsion est également appelé, à tort, , et s'applique principalement aux guitares électriques, mais peut également s'appliquer aux instruments de nombreux genres de musiques électroniques et à la .
Compression de donnéesLa compression de données ou codage de source est l'opération informatique consistant à transformer une suite de bits A en une suite de bits B plus courte pouvant restituer les mêmes informations, ou des informations voisines, en utilisant un algorithme de décompression. C'est une opération de codage qui raccourcit la taille (de transmission, de stockage) des données au prix d'un travail de compression. Celle-ci est l'opération inverse de la décompression.
H.265H.265, ou « MPEG-H HEVC » (High Efficiency Video Coding), est une norme de codage/compression vidéo ISO/CEI 23008-2 et UIT-T H.265, publiée le . Elle est développée conjointement par les groupes Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) et Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) et doit succéder au H.264 (ISO/CEI 14496-10 et UIT-T H.264). Ses applications concernent aussi bien la compression des vidéos en ultra-haute définition que la diminution du débit de transmission sur les réseaux pour les vidéos en définition standard avec des applications pour la vidéo sur mobile et pour l'extension de l'éligibilité aux services audiovisuels (TV, VoD.
Comparison of video codecsΑ video codec is software or a device that provides encoding and decoding for digital video, and which may or may not include the use of video compression and/or decompression. Most codecs are typically implementations of video coding formats. The compression may employ lossy data compression, so that quality-measurement issues become important. Shortly after the compact disc became widely available as a digital-format replacement for analog audio, it became feasible to also store and use video in digital form.
Video qualityVideo quality is a characteristic of a video passed through a video transmission or processing system that describes perceived video degradation (typically, compared to the original video). Video processing systems may introduce some amount of distortion or artifacts in the video signal that negatively impacts the user's perception of a system. For many stakeholders in video production and distribution, assurance of video quality is an important task. Video quality evaluation is performed to describe the quality of a set of video sequences under study.
Video compression picture typesIn the field of video compression a video frame is compressed using different algorithms with different advantages and disadvantages, centered mainly around amount of data compression. These different algorithms for video frames are called picture types or frame types. The three major picture types used in the different video algorithms are I, P and B. They are different in the following characteristics: I‐frames are the least compressible but don't require other video frames to decode.
