Silicium polycristallinLe silicium polycristallin, aussi couramment appelé polysilicium ou poly-Si est une forme particulière du silicium, qui se différencie du silicium monocristallin et du silicium amorphe. Contrairement au premier (composé d'un seul cristal) et au second (n'ayant aucune ou une très faible cohérence cristallographique), le silicium polycristallin est constitué de multiples petits cristaux de tailles et de formes variées, qui lui confèrent des propriétés différentes des deux autres formes.
Thin-film bulk acoustic resonatorA thin-film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR or TFBAR) is a device consisting of a piezoelectric material manufactured by thin film methods between two conductive – typically metallic – electrodes and acoustically isolated from the surrounding medium. The operation is based on the piezoelectricity of the piezolayer between the electrodes. FBAR devices using piezoelectric films with thicknesses ranging from several micrometres down to tenths of micrometres resonate in the frequency range of 100 MHz to 20 GHz.
Crystalline siliconCrystalline silicon or (c-Si) Is the crystalline forms of silicon, either polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si, consisting of small crystals), or monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si, a continuous crystal). Crystalline silicon is the dominant semiconducting material used in photovoltaic technology for the production of solar cells. These cells are assembled into solar panels as part of a photovoltaic system to generate solar power from sunlight. In electronics, crystalline silicon is typically the monocrystalline form of silicon, and is used for producing microchips.
Sputter depositionSputter deposition is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) method of thin film deposition by the phenomenon of sputtering. This involves ejecting material from a "target" that is a source onto a "substrate" such as a silicon wafer. Resputtering is re-emission of the deposited material during the deposition process by ion or atom bombardment. Sputtered atoms ejected from the target have a wide energy distribution, typically up to tens of eV (100,000 K).
Spectroscopie diélectriqueDielectric spectroscopy (which falls in a subcategory of impedance spectroscopy) measures the dielectric properties of a medium as a function of frequency. It is based on the interaction of an external field with the electric dipole moment of the sample, often expressed by permittivity. It is also an experimental method of characterizing electrochemical systems. This technique measures the impedance of a system over a range of frequencies, and therefore the frequency response of the system, including the energy storage and dissipation properties, is revealed.
Loi de Hall-PetchIn materials science, grain-boundary strengthening (or Hall–Petch strengthening) is a method of strengthening materials by changing their average crystallite (grain) size. It is based on the observation that grain boundaries are insurmountable borders for dislocations and that the number of dislocations within a grain has an effect on how stress builds up in the adjacent grain, which will eventually activate dislocation sources and thus enabling deformation in the neighbouring grain as well.
Thin-film opticsThin-film optics is the branch of optics that deals with very thin structured layers of different materials. In order to exhibit thin-film optics, the thickness of the layers of material must be similar to the coherence length; for visible light it is most often observed between 200 and 1000 nm of thickness. Layers at this scale can have remarkable reflective properties due to light wave interference and the difference in refractive index between the layers, the air, and the substrate.
Spectroscopie astronomiqueLa spectroscopie est l'un des moyens principaux pour les astrophysiciens pour étudier l'Univers. En 1835, Auguste Comte disait dans son Cours de philosophie positive que parmi les choses qui resteraient à jamais hors de portée de la connaissance humaine figurait la composition chimique du Soleil. Il ne vécut pas assez longtemps pour voir en 1865 deux savants allemands, Robert Bunsen et Gustav Kirchhoff analyser pour la première fois la lumière du Soleil et permettre la détermination de la composition chimique de celui-ci.
ÉlectrodeUne électrode est un conducteur électronique, ou ionique ( verre) captant ou libérant des électrons. Les électrodes interviennent dans les systèmes générateurs de courant (comme les piles ou les accumulateurs électriques) et dans les électrolyses, dont le système est récepteur de courant. On parle aussi d'électrodes pour désigner des composants de certains appareils électriques comme les lampes radio, tube à rayons X, diodes à semi-conducteur. C'est également le cas dans le soudage à l'arc électrique.
Pulsed laserPulsed operation of lasers refers to any laser not classified as continuous wave, so that the optical power appears in pulses of some duration at some repetition rate. This encompasses a wide range of technologies addressing a number of different motivations. Some lasers are pulsed simply because they cannot be run in continuous mode. In other cases the application requires the production of pulses having as large an energy as possible.
