Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteinsNuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (usually abbreviated protein NMR) is a field of structural biology in which NMR spectroscopy is used to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of proteins, and also nucleic acids, and their complexes. The field was pioneered by Richard R. Ernst and Kurt Wüthrich at the ETH, and by Ad Bax, Marius Clore, Angela Gronenborn at the NIH, and Gerhard Wagner at Harvard University, among others.
Organoruthenium chemistryOrganoruthenium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to ruthenium chemical bond. Several organoruthenium catalysts are of commercial interest and organoruthenium compounds have been considered for cancer therapy. The chemistry has some stoichiometric similarities with organoiron chemistry, as iron is directly above ruthenium in group 8 of the periodic table. The most important reagents for the introduction of ruthenium are ruthenium(III) chloride and triruthenium dodecacarbonyl.
Onium ionIn chemistry, an onium ion is a cation formally obtained by the protonation of mononuclear parent hydride of a pnictogen (group 15 of the periodic table), chalcogen (group 16), or halogen (group 17). The oldest-known onium ion, and the namesake for the class, is ammonium, , the protonated derivative of ammonia, . The name onium is also used for cations that would result from the substitution of hydrogen atoms in those ions by other groups, such as organic groups, or halogens; such as tetraphenylphosphonium, .
AcrylonitrileL'acrylonitrile (cyanure vinylique, cyanure de vinyle ou « VCN ») est constitué d'un groupe vinyle lié à un nitrile. Sa formule semi-développée est . C'est un liquide incolore (à jaunâtre en raison d'impuretés). Son odeur est âcre et légèrement piquante (perceptible par l'homme à partir d'une teneur d'environ 20 ppm). L'acrylonitrile est toxique en raison notamment de la production de cyanure comme métabolite ou sous-produit de dégradation parmi ses métabolites), écotoxique et hautement inflammable.
Organoiron chemistryOrganoiron chemistry is the chemistry of iron compounds containing a carbon-to-iron chemical bond. Organoiron compounds are relevant in organic synthesis as reagents such as iron pentacarbonyl, diiron nonacarbonyl and disodium tetracarbonylferrate. While iron adopts oxidation states from Fe(−II) through to Fe(VII), Fe(IV) is the highest established oxidation state for organoiron species. Although iron is generally less active in many catalytic applications, it is less expensive and "greener" than other metals.
Hexadentate ligandA hexadentate ligand in coordination chemistry is a ligand that combines with a central metal atom with six bonds. One example of a hexadentate ligand that can form complexes with soft metal ions is TPEN. A commercially important hexadentate ligand is EDTA. The denticity of hexadentate ligands is often denoted with the prefix κ6. The way the donor atoms are joined together in the molecule is its topology. Some topologies are simple, such as the linear or ring shapes.
DTPAPentetic acid or diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) is an aminopolycarboxylic acid consisting of a diethylenetriamine backbone with five carboxymethyl groups. The molecule can be viewed as an expanded version of EDTA and is used similarly. It is a white solid with limited solubility in water. The conjugate base of DTPA has a high affinity for metal cations. Thus, the penta-anion DTPA5− is potentially an octadentate ligand assuming that each nitrogen centre and each –COO− group counts as a centre for coordination.
DécarboxylationLa décarboxylation est une réaction chimique au cours de laquelle une molécule de dioxyde de carbone () est éliminée (généralement par chauffage) d'une molécule organique portant un groupe carboxyle, selon le schéma général suivant : L'intérêt synthétique de cette réaction est de supprimer un groupe qui peut avoir servi d'intermédiaire de synthèse afin de se ramener à un alcane. Cette réaction est plus ou moins facile en fonction du groupe R. Pour un acide simple (comme l'acide éthanoïque), la température de décarboxylation est supérieure à .
