Convergence évolutiveLa (ou évolution convergente) est le résultat de mécanismes évolutifs ayant conduit des espèces, soumises aux mêmes contraintes environnementales (niches écologiques similaires), à adopter indépendamment plusieurs traits physiologiques, morphologiques, parfois comportementaux semblables. Plus généralement, ce terme, en seconde position, s’applique aussi à l’évolution d’autres systèmes adaptatifs comme les groupes humains ou les civilisations.
Mathematical modelling of infectious diseasesMathematical models can project how infectious diseases progress to show the likely outcome of an epidemic (including in plants) and help inform public health and plant health interventions. Models use basic assumptions or collected statistics along with mathematics to find parameters for various infectious diseases and use those parameters to calculate the effects of different interventions, like mass vaccination programs. The modelling can help decide which intervention(s) to avoid and which to trial, or can predict future growth patterns, etc.
Child developmentChild development involves the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the conclusion of adolescence. Childhood is divided into three stages of life which include early childhood, middle childhood, and late childhood (preadolescence). Early childhood typically ranges from infancy to the age of 6 years old. During this period, development is significant, as many of life's milestones happen during this time period such as first words, learning to crawl, and learning to walk.
HydrolienneUne hydrolienne est une turbine hydraulique (sous-marine ou à flot) qui utilise l'énergie cinétique des courants marins ou fluviaux, comme une éolienne utilise l'énergie cinétique du vent. La turbine de l'hydrolienne permet la transformation de l'énergie cinétique de l'eau en mouvement en énergie mécanique qui peut alors être convertie en énergie électrique par un alternateur. Les machines peuvent prendre les formes les plus variées allant du gros générateur de plusieurs mégawatts immergé en profondeur dans des emplacements à très forts courants de marée au micro-générateur flottant équipant des petits courants de rivière.
MacroevolutionMacroevolution usually means the evolution of large-scale structures and traits that go significantly beyond the intraspecific variation found in microevolution (including speciation). In other words, macroevolution is the evolution of taxa above the species level (genera, families, orders, etc.). Macroevolution is often thought to require the evolution of completely new structures such as entirely new organs. However, fundamentally novel structures are not necessary for dramatic evolutionary change.
Early childhood educationEarly childhood education (ECE), also known as nursery education, is a branch of education theory that relates to the teaching of children (formally and informally) from birth up to the age of eight. Traditionally, this is up to the equivalent of third grade. ECE is described as an important period in child development. ECE emerged as a field of study during the Enlightenment, particularly in European countries with high literacy rates. It continued to grow through the nineteenth century as universal primary education became a norm in the Western world.
