Calcium signalingCalcium signaling is the use of calcium ions (Ca2+) to communicate and drive intracellular processes often as a step in signal transduction. Ca2+ is important for cellular signalling, for once it enters the cytosol of the cytoplasm it exerts allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins. Ca2+ can act in signal transduction resulting from activation of ion channels or as a second messenger caused by indirect signal transduction pathways such as G protein-coupled receptors.
Signalisation lipidiqueupright=1.6|vignette|Exemples de lipides de signalisation cellulaire : - LPA : acide lysophosphatidique, - S1P : sphingosine-1-phosphate, - PAF : facteur d'activation plaquettaire, - AEA : anandamide. La signalisation lipidique désigne l'ensemble des processus biochimiques de signalisation cellulaire impliquant des lipides qui se fixent sur une protéine cible, telle qu'un récepteur, une kinase ou une phosphatase, laquelle déclenche à son tour d'autres processus au sein de la cellule en fonction des messagers lipidiques.
Sickness behaviorSickness behavior is a coordinated set of adaptive behavioral changes that develop in ill individuals during the course of an infection. They usually, but not always, accompany fever and aid survival. Such illness responses include lethargy, depression, anxiety, malaise, loss of appetite, sleepiness, hyperalgesia, reduction in grooming and failure to concentrate. Sickness behavior is a motivational state that reorganizes the organism's priorities to cope with infectious pathogens.
Détoxicationvignette|Cytochrome P450 1OG2. Les enzymes de la famille des cytochromes P450 sont responsables de 75 % des réactions métaboliques de détoxication. La détoxication est le processus par lequel un organisme inactive les substances toxiques d'origine interne ou externe, qui consiste, d'une part, en la réduction de l'activité pharmacologique ou toxicologique de la substance, en général par un processus enzymatique et, d'autre part, par la solubilisation de la substance, ce qui en facilite l'élimination rénale.
Purinergic signallingPurinergic signalling (or signaling: see American and British English differences) is a form of extracellular signalling mediated by purine nucleotides and nucleosides such as adenosine and ATP. It involves the activation of purinergic receptors in the cell and/or in nearby cells, thereby regulating cellular functions. The purinergic signalling complex of a cell is sometimes referred to as the “purinome”. Purinergic receptors, represented by several families, are among the most abundant receptors in living organisms and appeared early in evolution.
Prostacyclin receptorThe Prostacyclin receptor, also termed the prostaglandin I2 receptor or just IP, is a receptor belonging to the prostaglandin (PG) group of receptors. IP binds to and mediates the biological actions of prostacyclin (also termed Prostaglandin I2, PGI2, or when used as a drug, epoprostenol). IP is encoded in humans by the PTGIR gene. While possessing many functions as defined in animal model studies, the major clinical relevancy of IP is as a powerful vasodilator: stimulators of IP are used to treat severe and even life-threatening diseases involving pathological vasoconstriction.
Differential pulse-code modulationDifferential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) is a signal encoder that uses the baseline of pulse-code modulation (PCM) but adds some functionalities based on the prediction of the samples of the signal. The input can be an analog signal or a digital signal. If the input is a continuous-time analog signal, it needs to be sampled first so that a discrete-time signal is the input to the DPCM encoder. Option 1: take the values of two consecutive samples; if they are analog samples, quantize them; calculate the difference between the first one and the next; the output is the difference.
