Many-minds interpretationThe many-minds interpretation of quantum mechanics extends the many-worlds interpretation by proposing that the distinction between worlds should be made at the level of the mind of an individual observer. The concept was first introduced in 1970 by H. Dieter Zeh as a variant of the Hugh Everett interpretation in connection with quantum decoherence, and later (in 1981) explicitly called a many or multi-consciousness interpretation. The name many-minds interpretation was first used by David Albert and Barry Loewer in 1988.
Pollution sonorethumb|Selon G. Dutilleux (2012), (ici, à titre d'exemple : vue de la circulation automobile urbaine à Bangkok, source majeure de nuisances sonores. thumb|L'échangeur de Daussoulx en Belgique ; autre exemple de source de nuisances sonores. La notion de pollution sonore regroupe généralement des nuisances sonores, et des pollutions induites par le son devenu dans certaines circonstances un « altéragène physique » pour l'être humain ou les écosystèmes.
Maximum entropy spectral estimationMaximum entropy spectral estimation is a method of spectral density estimation. The goal is to improve the spectral quality based on the principle of maximum entropy. The method is based on choosing the spectrum which corresponds to the most random or the most unpredictable time series whose autocorrelation function agrees with the known values. This assumption, which corresponds to the concept of maximum entropy as used in both statistical mechanics and information theory, is maximally non-committal with regard to the unknown values of the autocorrelation function of the time series.
Entropy and lifeResearch concerning the relationship between the thermodynamic quantity entropy and both the origin and evolution of life began around the turn of the 20th century. In 1910, American historian Henry Adams printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume A Letter to American Teachers of History proposing a theory of history based on the second law of thermodynamics and on the principle of entropy. The 1944 book What is Life? by Nobel-laureate physicist Erwin Schrödinger stimulated further research in the field.
TF-IDFLe TF-IDF (de l'anglais term frequency-inverse document frequency) est une méthode de pondération souvent utilisée en recherche d'information et en particulier dans la fouille de textes. Cette mesure statistique permet d'évaluer l'importance d'un terme contenu dans un document, relativement à une collection ou un corpus. Le poids augmente proportionnellement au nombre d'occurrences du mot dans le document. Il varie également en fonction de la fréquence du mot dans le corpus.
Framing (social sciences)In the social sciences, framing comprises a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals, groups, and societies organize, perceive, and communicate about reality. Framing can manifest in thought or interpersonal communication. Frames in thought consist of the mental representations, interpretations, and simplifications of reality. Frames in communication consist of the communication of frames between different actors. Framing is a key component of sociology, the study of social interaction among humans.
Source criticismSource criticism (or information evaluation) is the process of evaluating an information source, i.e.: a document, a person, a speech, a fingerprint, a photo, an observation, or anything used in order to obtain knowledge. In relation to a given purpose, a given information source may be more or less valid, reliable or relevant. Broadly, "source criticism" is the interdisciplinary study of how information sources are evaluated for given tasks.
Pitch detection algorithmA pitch detection algorithm (PDA) is an algorithm designed to estimate the pitch or fundamental frequency of a quasiperiodic or oscillating signal, usually a digital recording of speech or a musical note or tone. This can be done in the time domain, the frequency domain, or both. PDAs are used in various contexts (e.g. phonetics, music information retrieval, speech coding, musical performance systems) and so there may be different demands placed upon the algorithm.
Théorie des perspectivesLa théorie des perspectives (en anglais : Prospect theory) est une théorie économique développée par Daniel Kahneman et Amos Tversky en 1979. Elle remet en cause la théorie de l'utilité espérée développée par John von Neumann et Oskar Morgenstern en 1944 et a valu à Daniel Kahneman le prix Nobel d'économie en 2002. Cette théorie est fondatrice de l'économie comportementale et de la finance comportementale et constitue l'une des premières théories économiques construite à partir de travaux expérimentaux.
