History of malariaThe history of malaria extends from its prehistoric origin as a zoonotic disease in the primates of Africa through to the 21st century. A widespread and potentially lethal human infectious disease, at its peak malaria infested every continent except Antarctica. Its prevention and treatment have been targeted in science and medicine for hundreds of years. Since the discovery of the Plasmodium parasites which cause it, research attention has focused on their biology as well as that of the mosquitoes which transmit the parasites.
SporeEn biologie, une spore, du grec ancien , « ensemencement, semence » est une cellule ou plus rarement une formation pluricellulaire reproductive (elle donne un nouvel individu par reproduction asexuée ou sexuée). Elle constitue une des étapes du cycle de vie de nombreuses bactéries, plantes, algues, champignons, voire de certains protozoaires. Les spores (mitospore ou méiospore) donnent naissance par mitoses à un nouvel individu (appelé gamétophyte chez les plantes) sans fécondation, ce qui les distingue des gamètes.
GametangiumA gametangium (: gametangia) is an organ or cell in which gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular protists, algae, fungi, and the gametophytes of plants. In contrast to gametogenesis in animals, a gametangium is a haploid structure and formation of gametes does not involve meiosis. Depending on the type of gamete produced in a gametangium, several types can be distinguished. Archegonium and Oogonium Female gametangia are most commonly called archegonia. They produce egg cells and are the sites for fertilization.
