ÉmergenceL’émergence est un concept philosophique formalisé au et qui peut être grossièrement résumé par l'adage : « le tout est plus que la somme des parties ». Il s'oppose au réductionnisme comme aux doctrines dualistes (dualisme ou vitalisme). Une propriété peut être qualifiée d’émergente si elle « découle » de propriétés plus fondamentales tout en demeurant « nouvelle » ou « irréductible » à celles-ci. Ainsi, John Stuart Mill constate que les propriétés de l'eau ne sont pas réductibles à celles de l'hydrogène ou de l'oxygène.
Bellman equationA Bellman equation, named after Richard E. Bellman, is a necessary condition for optimality associated with the mathematical optimization method known as dynamic programming. It writes the "value" of a decision problem at a certain point in time in terms of the payoff from some initial choices and the "value" of the remaining decision problem that results from those initial choices. This breaks a dynamic optimization problem into a sequence of simpler subproblems, as Bellman's “principle of optimality" prescribes.
New HorizonsNew Horizons (« Nouveaux Horizons » en français) est une sonde de l'agence spatiale américaine (NASA) dont l'objectif principal est l'étude de la planète naine Pluton et ses satellites, ce qui a été réalisé à la mi-juillet 2015. Après de légères modifications de trajectoire, elle a pu explorer , un autre corps de la ceinture de Kuiper, et pourrait éventuellement en étudier un autre (restant à découvrir). New Horizons est la première mission spatiale qui explore cette région du Système solaire.
Logistique tierce partieThird-party logistics (abbreviated as 3PL, or TPL) is an organization's long term commitment of outsourcing its distribution services to third-party logistics businesses. Third-party logistics providers typically specialize in integrated operations of warehousing and transportation services that can be scaled and customized to customers' needs, based on market conditions, to meet the demands and delivery service requirements for their products.
Mean shiftMean shift is a non-parametric feature-space mathematical analysis technique for locating the maxima of a density function, a so-called mode-seeking algorithm. Application domains include cluster analysis in computer vision and . The mean shift procedure is usually credited to work by Fukunaga and Hostetler in 1975. It is, however, reminiscent of earlier work by Schnell in 1964. Mean shift is a procedure for locating the maxima—the modes—of a density function given discrete data sampled from that function.
Shadow priceA shadow price is the monetary value assigned to an abstract or intangible commodity which is not traded in the marketplace. This often takes the form of an externality. Shadow prices are also known as the recalculation of known market prices in order to account for the presence of distortionary market instruments (e.g. quotas, tariffs, taxes or subsidies). Shadow prices are the real economic prices given to goods and services after they have been appropriately adjusted by removing distortionary market instruments and incorporating the societal impact of the respective good or service.
