Pore-forming toxins and cellular non-immune defenses (CNIDs)
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Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are fundamental for antiviral immunity, but their role in bacterial infections is contradictory and incompletely described. Streptococcus pyogenes activates IFN-I production in innate immune cells, and IFN-I receptor 1 (Ifnar1)- ...
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are virulence factors produced by many pathogenic bacteria and have long fascinated structural biologists, microbiologists and immunologists. Interestingly, pore-forming proteins with remarkably similar structures to PFTs are fou ...
Activation of the innate immune response in Metazoans is initiated through the recognition of microbes by host pattern-recognition receptors. In Drosophila, diaminopimelic acid ( DAP)-containing peptidoglycan from Gram-negative bacteria is detected by the ...
Secondary lymphoid tissues provide specialized niches for the initiation of adaptive immune responses and undergo a remarkable expansion in response to inflammatory stimuli. Although the formation of B cell follicles was previously thought to be restricted ...
Background The relationship between host microRNAs (miRNA), viral control and immune response has not yet been elucidated in the field of HIV. The aim of this study was to assess the differential miRNA profile in CD8+ T-cells between HIV-infected individua ...
During infection, microbial pathogens encounter phagocytic cells of the host innate immune system, such as macrophages and neutrophils. These encounters typically lead to uptake and killing of the bacteria by the host cell or, conversely, parasitization of ...
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The sensing of foreign DNA is crucial for host defense against several pathogens. In the cytosol the enzyme cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is critical for the recognition of pathogen-derived DNA and provides key signals that initiate immune responses. Beyo ...
