Bacterial cellular morphologiesBacterial cellular morphologies are morphologies that are characteristic of various types bacteria and often a key factor in identifying bacteria species. Their direct examination under the light microscope enables the classification of these bacteria and archaea. Generally, the basic morphologies are spheres (coccus) and round-ended cylinders or rod shaped (bacillus). But, there are also other morphologies such as helically twisted cylinders (example Spirochetes), cylinders curved in one plane (selenomonads) and unusual morphologies (the square, flat box-shaped cells of the Archaean genus Haloquadratum).
Somatic mutationA somatic mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of a somatic cell of a multicellular organism with dedicated reproductive cells; that is, any mutation that occurs in a cell other than a gamete, germ cell, or gametocyte. Unlike germline mutations, which can be passed on to the descendants of an organism, somatic mutations are not usually transmitted to descendants. This distinction is blurred in plants, which lack a dedicated germline, and in those animals that can reproduce asexually through mechanisms such as budding, as in members of the cnidarian genus Hydra.
BacitracineBacitracin is a polypeptide antibiotic. It is a mixture of related cyclic peptides produced by Bacillus licheniformis bacteria, that was first isolated from the variety "Tracy I" (ATCC 10716) in 1945. These peptides disrupt gram-positive bacteria by interfering with cell wall and peptidoglycan synthesis. Bacitracin is primarily used as a topical preparation, as it can cause kidney damage when used internally. It is generally safe when used topically, but in rare cases may cause hypersensitivity, allergic or anaphylactic reactions, especially in people allergic to neomycin.
Haemophilus influenzaeHaemophilus influenzae, autrefois appelé bacille de Pfeiffer, est une bactérie strictement humaine de la famille des Pasteurellacae et de la classe des Gammaproteobacteria. Les cellules sont des coccobacilles ou de petits bâtonnets immobiles à Gram négatif. Richard Pfeiffer (1858-1945) a été le premier à les décrire en 1892 lors de la pandémie de grippe (influenza) de 1889-1892.
Antibiotique sulfamidéL'antibiotique sulfamidé est, comme la plupart des sulfamidés, un agent antimicrobien de structure moléculaire proche de l'acide para-aminobenzoïque normalement utilisé par la bactérie pour produire la vitamine B9. La cellule va les reconnaître pour ce qu'ils ne sont pas et les intégrer dans son métabolisme, et, parce que ce sont des molécules analogues, les voies métaboliques seront bloquées. Ceci provoque une inhibition de la synthèse des bases nucléiques et la cellule meurt par carence en bases nucléiques.
