Observational studyIn fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints. One common observational study is about the possible effect of a treatment on subjects, where the assignment of subjects into a treated group versus a control group is outside the control of the investigator.
Material properties of diamondDiamond is the allotrope of carbon in which the carbon atoms are arranged in the specific type of cubic lattice called diamond cubic. It is a crystal that is transparent to opaque and which is generally isotropic (no or very weak birefringence). Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known. Yet, due to important structural brittleness, bulk diamond's toughness is only fair to good.
Céramique transparentevignette|Tige de YAG dopé au néodyme, matériau utilisé dans les lasers Nd:YAG. Une céramique transparente est une céramique qui, cristalline ou vitreuse, se caractérise par un coefficient de transmission élevé des ondes électromagnétiques dans une gamme de longueurs d'onde incluant généralement la lumière visible. L'alumine en est un exemple bien connu, mais le nitrure d'aluminium AlN, l'oxynitrure d'aluminium , l'oxynitrure de silicium , le spinelle , l'oxyde d'yttrium(III) et le YAG en sont d'autres exemples qui ont également de nombreuses applications industrielles et militaires.
Opioid use disorderOpioid use disorder (OUD) is a substance use disorder characterized by cravings for opioids, continued use despite physical and/or psychological deterioration, increased tolerance with use, and withdrawal symptoms after discontinuing opioids. Opioid withdrawal symptoms include nausea, muscle aches, diarrhea, trouble sleeping, agitation, and a low mood. Addiction and dependence are important components of opioid use disorder.
