Scalar field theoryIn theoretical physics, scalar field theory can refer to a relativistically invariant classical or quantum theory of scalar fields. A scalar field is invariant under any Lorentz transformation. The only fundamental scalar quantum field that has been observed in nature is the Higgs field. However, scalar quantum fields feature in the effective field theory descriptions of many physical phenomena. An example is the pion, which is actually a pseudoscalar.
Value theoryIn ethics and the social sciences, value theory involves various approaches that examine how, why, and to what degree humans value things and whether the object or subject of valuing is a person, idea, object, or anything else. Within philosophy, it is also known as ethics or axiology. Traditionally, philosophical investigations in value theory have sought to understand the concept of "the good". Today, some work in value theory has trended more towards empirical sciences, recording what people do value and attempting to understand why they value it in the context of psychology, sociology, and economics.
Valeur instrumentale et intrinsèqueEn philosophie morale, la distinction entre valeur instrumentale et intrinsèque est la distinction entre ce qui est un et ce qui est une . Les choses sont considérées comme ayant une valeur instrumentale si elles aident à atteindre une fin particulière ; les valeurs intrinsèques, en revanche, sont considérées comme souhaitables en elles-mêmes. Un outil comme un marteau a une valeur instrumentale car il aide à enfoncer un clou, de même pour une machine à laver car elle aide à laver des vêtements.
