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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) causes 1.7 million deaths annually. According to the World Health Organization, in some areas of the world, 25% of TB cases are due to multi- or extensively drug resistant M. tb st ...
Drosophila phagocytes participate in development and immune responses through their abilities to perform phagocytosis and/or secrete extra-cellular matrix components, antimicrobial peptides, clotting factors and signalling molecules. However, our knowledge ...
Invertebrates lack an adaptive immune system and rely on innate immunity to resist pathogens. The response of Drosophila melanogaster to bacterial and fungal infections involves two signaling pathways, Toll and Imd, both of which activate members of the nu ...
Tuberculosis (TB) is a growing world health problem, especially in developing countries. The only available vaccine is the hundred years old Bacille de Calmette et Guérin (BCG). It has been shown to reduce infant mortality, but it is not an effective metho ...
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are the most common class of bacterial protein toxin and are important for bacterial pathogenesis. Recent studies have shown that the previous model stating that epithelial cells lyse in response to these toxins and have no defen ...
Endometriosis affects women of reproductive age, causing infertility and pain. Although immune cells are recruited in endometriotic lesions, their role is unclear. Tie2-expressing macrophages (TEMs) have nonredundant functions in promoting angiogenesis and ...
Ecotoxicological effect studies often expose test organisms under optimal environmental conditions. However, organisms in their natural settings rarely experience optimal conditions. On the contrary, during most of their lifetime they are forced to cope wi ...
The emergence of recombinant DNA technology has shifted research towards developing subunit vaccines, which use protein or peptide antigens instead of live/attenuated pathogens. Recent research has also shown that the best way to get sustained immunity is ...
During the last 30 years of psychoneuroimmunology research the intense bi-directional communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system has been demonstrated in studies on the interaction between the nervous-endocrine-immune syst ...
The last ten years of research in the field of innate immunity have been incredibly fertile: the transmembrane Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were discovered as guardians protecting the host against microbial attacks and the emerging pathways characterized in ...
