Simple random sampleIn statistics, a simple random sample (or SRS) is a subset of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a population) in which a subset of individuals are chosen randomly, all with the same probability. It is a process of selecting a sample in a random way. In SRS, each subset of k individuals has the same probability of being chosen for the sample as any other subset of k individuals. A simple random sample is an unbiased sampling technique. Simple random sampling is a basic type of sampling and can be a component of other more complex sampling methods.
Pôle d'un corps célestevignette|Le pôle antarctique sur une ancienne carte. Un pôle géographique est, en géographie, l'un des deux points de la surface d'un corps céleste où passe l'axe de rotation de ce corps, par exemple la Terre. Un astre possède donc deux pôles géographiques, situés à 90° de son équateur, de part et d'autre de celui-ci. Si l'astre est sphérique, les deux pôles sont situés à égale distance de l'équateur.
Induced gravityInduced gravity (or emergent gravity) is an idea in quantum gravity that spacetime curvature and its dynamics emerge as a mean field approximation of underlying microscopic degrees of freedom, similar to the fluid mechanics approximation of Bose–Einstein condensates. The concept was originally proposed by Andrei Sakharov in 1967. Sakharov observed that many condensed matter systems give rise to emergent phenomena that are analogous to general relativity. For example, crystal defects can look like curvature and torsion in an Einstein–Cartan spacetime.
Pôle Nordthumb|Projection cartographique illustrant l'océan Arctique et le pôle Nord. Le pôle nord géographique terrestre, ou simplement pôle Nord, est le point le plus septentrional de la planète Terre. Il est défini comme le point d’intersection de l'axe de rotation de la Terre avec la surface terrestre de l'hémisphère nord, où tous les méridiens et les fuseaux horaires se rencontrent. Ce point géographique n'est pas fixe par rapport à l'axe de rotation de la Terre, car elle oscille faiblement suivant une période d'environ quatorze mois.
Pôle Sud magnétiquevignette|redresse|Déplacement du pôle sud magnétique. Le pôle Sud magnétique de la Terre est un point errant unique sur la surface où le champ magnétique terrestre pointe vers le haut. En 2008, il se trouvait en mer d'Urville au large de la Terre-Adélie. Il s'agit en fait du pôle Nord de l'aimant généré par les courants de convection dans le noyau ferreux de la Terre. Le pôle Sud magnétique ne doit pas être confondu avec le pôle Sud géographique qui, lui, est fixe.
Geomagnetic poleThe geomagnetic poles are antipodal points where the axis of a best-fitting dipole intersects the surface of Earth. This theoretical dipole is equivalent to a powerful bar magnet at the center of Earth, and comes closer than any other point dipole model to describing the magnetic field observed at Earth's surface. In contrast, the magnetic poles of the actual Earth are not antipodal; that is, the line on which they lie does not pass through Earth's center.
Solar azimuth angleThe solar azimuth angle is the azimuth (horizontal angle with respect to north) of the Sun's position. This horizontal coordinate defines the Sun's relative direction along the local horizon, whereas the solar zenith angle (or its complementary angle solar elevation) defines the Sun's apparent altitude. There are several conventions for the solar azimuth; however, it is traditionally defined as the angle between a line due south and the shadow cast by a vertical rod on Earth.
Poles of astronomical bodiesThe poles of astronomical bodies are determined based on their axis of rotation in relation to the celestial poles of the celestial sphere. Astronomical bodies include stars, planets, dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies such as comets and minor planets (e.g., asteroids), as well as natural satellites and minor-planet moons. Axial tilt The International Astronomical Union (IAU) defines the north pole of a planet or any of its satellites in the Solar System as the planetary pole that is in the same celestial hemisphere, relative to the invariable plane of the Solar System, as Earth's north pole.
