Microscopic traffic flow modelMicroscopic traffic flow models are a class of scientific models of vehicular traffic dynamics. In contrast, to macroscopic models, microscopic traffic flow models simulate single vehicle-driver units, so the dynamic variables of the models represent microscopic properties like the position and velocity of single vehicles. Also known as time-continuous models, all car-following models have in common that they are defined by ordinary differential equations describing the complete dynamics of the vehicles' positions and velocities .
Ramp meterA ramp meter, ramp signal, or metering light is a device, usually a basic traffic light or a two-section signal light (red and green only, no yellow) together with a signal controller, that regulates the flow of traffic entering freeways according to current traffic conditions. Ramp meters are used at freeway on-ramps to manage the rate of automobiles entering the freeway. Ramp metering systems have proved to be successful in decreasing traffic congestion and improving driver safety.
Fundamental diagram of traffic flowThe fundamental diagram of traffic flow is a diagram that gives a relation between road traffic flux (vehicles/hour) and the traffic density (vehicles/km). A macroscopic traffic model involving traffic flux, traffic density and velocity forms the basis of the fundamental diagram. It can be used to predict the capability of a road system, or its behaviour when applying inflow regulation or speed limits. There is a connection between traffic density and vehicle velocity: The more vehicles are on a road, the slower their velocity will be.
Planification des transportsvignette|Planification des transports à San Francisco (c. 1940) La planification des transports désigne l'évaluation et la conception des infrastructures de transports, c'est-à-dire les rues, les chaussées, les trottoirs, les pistes cyclables et les lignes de transports publics, etc. Pour cela, on peut utiliser un modèle de transport, comme le Modèle de déplacements MODUS, pour la planification des transports en Île de France, ou le Modèle national de trafic voyageurs en Suisse. Catégorie:Transport Catégori
Traffic modelA traffic model is a mathematical model of real-world traffic, usually, but not restricted to, road traffic. Traffic modeling draws heavily on theoretical foundations like network theory and certain theories from physics like the kinematic wave model. The interesting quantity being modeled and measured is the traffic flow, i.e. the throughput of mobile units (e.g. vehicles) per time and transportation medium capacity (e.g. road or lane width). Models can teach researchers and engineers how to ensure an optimal flow with a minimum number of traffic jams.
Toll roadA toll road, also known as a turnpike or tollway, is a public or private road (almost always a controlled-access highway in the present day) for which a fee (or toll) is assessed for passage. It is a form of road pricing typically implemented to help recoup the costs of road construction and maintenance. Toll roads have existed in some form since antiquity, with tolls levied on passing travelers on foot, wagon, or horseback; a practice that continued with the automobile, and many modern tollways charge fees for motor vehicles exclusively.
Feu de circulationvignette|Les trois états d'un feu tricolore. vignette|Un feu destiné aux piétons en Italie. Un feu de circulation routière, aussi appelé feu tricolore est un dispositif permettant la régulation du trafic routier entre les usagers de la route, les véhicules et les piétons. Les feux destinés aux véhicules à moteurs sont généralement de type tricolores choisis pour leur conspicuité – leur remarquabilité – auxquels peuvent s'ajouter des flèches directionnelles.
Contrôle de la circulation aérienneLe service de contrôle de la circulation aérienne (ATC — de l'anglais Air Traffic Control ), communément appelé contrôle aérien, est un service rendu par des contrôleurs aériens aux aéronefs afin d'aider à l'exécution sûre, rapide et efficace des vols. Il est l'un des trois services de la circulation aérienne prévus par la Convention de Chicago afin d'assurer la sécurité du transport aérien mondial, aux côtés de l'information de vol et de l'alerte.
Panneau à messages variablesLes panneaux à messages variables (PMV) sont des panneaux de signalisation routière conçus pour alerter ou informer l'usager de la route. Un PMV peut afficher un pictogramme ou des messages écrits, qui peuvent être affichés alternativement, ou allumés, ou éteints, ou clignotant en fonction des besoins. Les PMV sont posés sur des portiques surplombant les chaussées, particulièrement autoroutières, sur des potences ou des poteaux latéraux.
Traffic engineering (transportation)Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. It focuses mainly on research for safe and efficient traffic flow, such as road geometry, sidewalks and crosswalks, cycling infrastructure, traffic signs, road surface markings and traffic lights. Traffic engineering deals with the functional part of transportation system, except the infrastructures provided.
