Synapsethumb|400px|Synapse entre deux neurones. La synapse (du grec , « contact, point de jonction », dérivé de , « joindre, connecter ») est une zone de contact fonctionnelle qui s'établit entre deux neurones, ou entre un neurone et une autre cellule (cellules musculaires, récepteurs sensoriels...). Elle assure la conversion d'un potentiel d'action déclenché dans le neurone présynaptique en un signal dans la cellule postsynaptique. On estime, pour certains types cellulaires (par exemple cellule pyramidale, cellule de Purkinje.
Vésicule synaptiqueLes vésicules synaptiques sont de petits compartiments des terminaux présynaptiques des neurones, stockant des neurotransmetteurs qui sont susceptibles d'être libérés dans l'espace intersynaptique à la suite de l'arrivée d'un potentiel d'action dépolarisant et l'augmentation des niveaux calciques intracellulaires. Le nombre ou la taille du pool de vésicules synaptiques est variable selon le type de neurones considérés (quelques dizaines pour les petites synapses telles que celles trouvées dans l'hippocampe).
Potentiel d'actionvignette|Le déplacement d'un potentiel d'action le long d'un axone, modifie la polarité de la membrane cellulaire. Les canaux ioniques sodium Na+ et potassium K+ voltage-dépendants s'ouvrent puis se ferment quand la membrane atteint le potentiel seuil, en réponse à un signal en provenance d'un autre neurone. À l'initiation du potentiel d'action, le canal Na+ s'ouvre et le Na+ extracellulaire rentre dans l'axone, provoquant une dépolarisation. Ensuite la repolarisation se produit lorsque le canal K+ s'ouvre et le K+ intracellulaire sort de l'axone.
Potentiel postsynaptique excitateurUn potentiel postsynaptique excitateur (PPSE) est un changement de la valeur du potentiel de membrane (dans le sens d'une dépolarisation) localisé dans le neurone postsynaptique. Cette dépolarisation est causée par un mouvement d'ions (cations) à travers la membrane, lui-même permis par l'ouverture de récepteurs postsynaptiques (canaux membranaires) provoqué par les neurotransmetteurs largués dans l'espace synaptique par l'axone ou le dendrite d'une cellule présynaptique.
Voltage-gated calcium channelVoltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), also known as voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), are a group of voltage-gated ion channels found in the membrane of excitable cells (e.g., muscle, glial cells, neurons, etc.) with a permeability to the calcium ion Ca2+. These channels are slightly permeable to sodium ions, so they are also called Ca2+-Na+ channels, but their permeability to calcium is about 1000-fold greater than to sodium under normal physiological conditions.
NeurotransmissionNeurotransmission (Latin: transmissio "passage, crossing" from transmittere "send, let through") is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), and bind to and react with the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron (the postsynaptic neuron) a short distance away. A similar process occurs in retrograde neurotransmission, where the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron release retrograde neurotransmitters (e.g.
Neural facilitationNeural facilitation, also known as paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), is a phenomenon in neuroscience in which postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) (EPPs, EPSPs or IPSPs) evoked by an impulse are increased when that impulse closely follows a prior impulse. PPF is thus a form of short-term synaptic plasticity. The mechanisms underlying neural facilitation are exclusively pre-synaptic; broadly speaking, PPF arises due to increased presynaptic Ca2+ concentration leading to a greater release of neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles.
Potentiel postsynaptique inhibiteurAn inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential. IPSPs were first investigated in motorneurons by David P. C. Lloyd, John Eccles and Rodolfo Llinás in the 1950s and 1960s. The opposite of an inhibitory postsynaptic potential is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), which is a synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron more likely to generate an action potential.
Electrical synapseAn electrical synapse is a mechanical and electrically conductive link between two neighboring neurons that is formed at a narrow gap between the pre- and postsynaptic neurons known as a gap junction. At gap junctions, such cells approach within about 3.8 nm of each other, a much shorter distance than the 20- to 40-nanometer distance that separates cells at chemical synapse. In many animals, electrical synapse-based systems co-exist with chemical synapses.
Electrotonic potentialIn physiology, electrotonus refers to the passive spread of charge inside a neuron and between cardiac muscle cells or smooth muscle cells. Passive means that voltage-dependent changes in membrane conductance do not contribute. Neurons and other excitable cells produce two types of electrical potential: Electrotonic potential (or graded potential), a non-propagated local potential, resulting from a local change in ionic conductance (e.g. synaptic or sensory that engenders a local current).
