StreamA stream is a continuous body of surface water flowing within the bed and banks of a channel. Depending on its location or certain characteristics, a stream may be referred to by a variety of local or regional names. Long, large streams are usually called rivers, while smaller, less voluminous and more intermittent streams are known as streamlets, brooks or creeks. The flow of a stream is controlled by three inputs – surface runoff (from precipitation or meltwater), daylighted subterranean water, and surfaced groundwater (spring water).
Machine hydrauliquevignette|Des vérins hydrauliques sont visibles sur cette excavatrice. Les machines hydrauliques sont des machines et outils utilisant l'énergie hydraulique pour effectuer un travail. Les engins de chantier en sont un exemple courant. Dans ce type de machine, le fluide hydraulique est pompé et transmis à divers organes mécaniques comme des vérins ou des moteurs. Le fluide véhiculé par la pompe est contrôlé par l'opérateur, grâce à des distributeurs qui distribuent le fluide par des tiroirs disposés à l'intérieur, servant à diriger le fluide hydraulique dans des canalisations.
Référentiel (physique)En physique, il est impossible de définir une position ou un mouvement par rapport à l'espace « vide ». Un référentiel est un solide (un ensemble de points fixes entre eux) par rapport auquel on repère une position ou un mouvement. Un dispositif servant d'horloge est également nécessaire pour pouvoir qualifier le mouvement et définir la notion de vitesse. Un exemple classique de référentiel est le référentiel terrestre qui est lié à la Terre.
Echo soundingEcho sounding or depth sounding is the use of sonar for ranging, normally to determine the depth of water (bathymetry). It involves transmitting acoustic waves into water and recording the time interval between emission and return of a pulse; the resulting time of flight, along with knowledge of the speed of sound in water, allows determining the distance between sonar and target. This information is then typically used for navigation purposes or in order to obtain depths for charting purposes.
Neutron cross sectionIn nuclear physics, the concept of a neutron cross section is used to express the likelihood of interaction between an incident neutron and a target nucleus. The neutron cross section σ can be defined as the area in cm2 for which the number of neutron-nuclei reactions taking place is equal to the product of the number of incident neutrons that would pass through the area and the number of target nuclei. In conjunction with the neutron flux, it enables the calculation of the reaction rate, for example to derive the thermal power of a nuclear power plant.
Stream restorationStream restoration or river restoration, also sometimes referred to as river reclamation, is work conducted to improve the environmental health of a river or stream, in support of biodiversity, recreation, flood management and/or landscape development. Stream restoration approaches can be divided into two broad categories: form-based restoration, which relies on physical interventions in a stream to improve its conditions; and process-based restoration, which advocates the restoration of hydrological and geomorphological processes (such as sediment transport or connectivity between the channel and the floodplain) to ensure a stream's resilience and ecological health.
