Effects of surface site distribution and dielectric discontinuity on the charging behavior of nanoparticles. A grand canonical Monte Carlo study

The surface site distribution and the dielec. discontinuity effects on the charging process of a spherical nanoparticle (NP) have been investigated. It is well known that electrostatic repulsion between charges on neighboring sites tends to decrease the effective charge of a NP. The situation is more complicated close to a dielec. breakdown, since here a charged site is not only interacting with its neighbors but also with its own image charge and the image charges of all its neighbors. Coexistence of opposite charges, titrn. sites positions, and pH dependence are systematically studied using a grand canonical Monte Carlo method. A Tanford and Kirkwood approach has been applied to describe the interaction potentials between explicit discrete ampholytic charging sites. Homogeneous, heterogeneous and patch site distributions were considered to reproduce the titrn. site distribution at the solid/soln. interface of natural NPs. Results show that the charging process is controlled by the balance between Coulomb interactions and the reaction field through the solid-liq. interface. They also show that the site distribution plays a crucial role in the charging process. In patch distributions, charges accumulate at the perimeter of each patch due to finite size effects. When homogeneous and heterogeneous distributions are compared, three different charging regimes are obtained. In homogeneous and heterogeneous (with quite low polydispersity indexes) distributions, the effects of the NP dielec. const. on Coulomb interactions are counterbalanced by the reaction field and in this case, the dielec. breakdown has no significant effect on the charging process. This is not the case in patch distributions, where the dielec. breakdown plays a crucial role in the charging process.