StreamflowStreamflow, or channel runoff, is the flow of water in streams and other channels, and is a major element of the water cycle. It is one runoff component, the movement of water from the land to waterbodies, the other component being surface runoff. Water flowing in channels comes from surface runoff from adjacent hillslopes, from groundwater flow out of the ground, and from water discharged from pipes. The discharge of water flowing in a channel is measured using stream gauges or can be estimated by the Manning equation.
Maîtrise de la salinitévignette|250px|Modélisation numérique avec le logiciel SegReg : production de grains de moutarde en fonction de la salinité du sol. Le contrôle de la salinité permet de préserver le potentiel d'un sol, essentiellement en vue de son exploitation agricole. De façon préventive, il permet de limiter la dégradation par excès de sels et de restaurer des sols comportant des éléments chimiques en excès quelle qu'en soit l'origine . On parle aussi d'amélioration, de remédiation ou de récupération des sols.
Agricultural hydrologyAgricultural hydrology is the study of water balance components intervening in agricultural water management, especially in irrigation and drainage. The water balance components can be grouped into components corresponding to zones in a vertical cross-section in the soil forming reservoirs with inflow, outflow and storage of water: the surface reservoir (S) the root zone or unsaturated (vadose zone) (R) with mainly vertical flows the aquifer (Q) with mainly horizontal flows a transition zone (T) in which vertical and horizontal flows are converted The general water balance reads: inflow = outflow + change of storage and it is applicable to each of the reservoirs or a combination thereof.
Écorégionvignette|Les 825 écorégions terrestres du WWF. Une écorégion ou région écologique est une zone géographique assez large se distinguant par le caractère unique de sa géomorphologie, de sa géologie, de son climat, de ses sols, de ses ressources en eau, de sa faune et de sa flore. Plusieurs organismes internationaux ont établi des listes d'écorégions, le World Wildlife Fund, la Commission de coopération environnementale d'Amérique du Nord, la DMEER européenne, la National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration américaine.
RiffleA riffle is a shallow landform in a flowing channel. Colloquially, it is a shallow place in a river where water flows quickly past rocks. However, in geology a riffle has specific characteristics. Riffles are almost always found to have a very low discharge compared to the flow that fills the channel (approximately 10–20%), and as a result the water moving over a riffle appears shallow and fast, with a wavy, disturbed water surface. The water's surface over a riffle at low flow also has a much steeper slope than that over other in-channel landforms.
Rétroaction carbone du solvignette|359x359px| Carte montrant l'étendue et les types de pergélisol dans l'hémisphère nord La rétroaction carbone des sols concerne les émissions de carbone des sols en réponse au réchauffement climatique. Cette réponse sous le changement climatique est une réponse positive au changement climatique. Il y a environ deux ou trois fois plus de carbone dans les sols globaux que dans l'atmosphère terrestre, ce qui rend la compréhension de cette rétroaction cruciale pour comprendre le futur changement climatique.
Drainage researchDrainage research is the study of agricultural drainage systems and their effects to arrive at optimal system design. Agricultural land drainage has agricultural, environmental, hydrological, engineering, economical, social and socio-political aspects (Figure 1). All these aspects can be subject of drainage research. The aim (objective, target) of agricultural land drainage is the optimized agricultural production related to: reclamation of agricultural land conservation of agricultural land optimization of crop yield crop diversification cropping intensification optimization of farm operations.
