Stérilisation par ultravioletsLa stérilisation par rayonnement ultraviolet est une méthode de stérilisation reposant sur la sensibilité des micro-organismes à l'exposition aux basses longueurs d'onde des ultraviolets. Cette méthode est utilisée dans les laboratoires de recherche pour préparer les plans de travail stériles, pour la conservation des aliments, ou encore la purification de l'air ou l'eau. Les ultraviolets sont connus pour leur caractère mutagène depuis le début du , et le prix Nobel de médecine de Niels Finsen.
Statistical mechanicsIn physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic behavior of nature from the behavior of such ensembles. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applications include many problems in the fields of physics, biology, chemistry, and neuroscience.
Thermal management (electronics)All electronic devices and circuitry generate excess heat and thus require thermal management to improve reliability and prevent premature failure. The amount of heat output is equal to the power input, if there are no other energy interactions. There are several techniques for cooling including various styles of heat sinks, thermoelectric coolers, forced air systems and fans, heat pipes, and others. In cases of extreme low environmental temperatures, it may actually be necessary to heat the electronic components to achieve satisfactory operation.
