Mémoire (informatique)En informatique, la mémoire est un dispositif électronique numérique qui sert à stocker des données. La mémoire est un composant essentiel, présent dans tous les ordinateurs, les consoles de jeux, les GPS et de nombreux appareils électroniques. Les mémoires sont vendues sous forme de pièces détachées de matériel informatique, ou de composants électroniques. Les différences entre les pièces sont la forme, l'usage qui en est fait, la technologie utilisée, la capacité de stockage et le rapport entre le coût et la capacité.
Homeostatic plasticityIn neuroscience, homeostatic plasticity refers to the capacity of neurons to regulate their own excitability relative to network activity. The term homeostatic plasticity derives from two opposing concepts: 'homeostatic' (a product of the Greek words for 'same' and 'state' or 'condition') and plasticity (or 'change'), thus homeostatic plasticity means "staying the same through change". Homeostatic synaptic plasticity is a means of maintaining the synaptic basis for learning, respiration, and locomotion, in contrast to the Hebbian plasticity associated with learning and memory.
Neural networkA neural network can refer to a neural circuit of biological neurons (sometimes also called a biological neural network), a network of artificial neurons or nodes in the case of an artificial neural network. Artificial neural networks are used for solving artificial intelligence (AI) problems; they model connections of biological neurons as weights between nodes. A positive weight reflects an excitatory connection, while negative values mean inhibitory connections. All inputs are modified by a weight and summed.
Chemical synapseChemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body. At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron.
NeuromodulationLe mot neuromodulation a un sens différent en neuroscience et en médecine. Dans ce domaine, la neuromodulation est le processus par lequel plusieurs classes de neurotransmetteurs du système nerveux régulent plusieurs populations de neurones. À l'opposé de la transmission synaptique, dans laquelle un neurone présynaptique influence directement un pair postsynaptique, les transmetteurs neuromodulateurs sécrétés par un groupe restreint de neurones se diffusent à travers le système nerveux, ayant un impact sur de multiples neurones.
Cloud storageCloud storage is a model of computer data storage in which the digital data is stored in logical pools, said to be on "the cloud". The physical storage spans multiple servers (sometimes in multiple locations), and the physical environment is typically owned and managed by a hosting company. These cloud storage providers are responsible for keeping the data available and accessible, and the physical environment secured, protected, and running. People and organizations buy or lease storage capacity from the providers to store user, organization, or application data.
Memory consolidationMemory consolidation is a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after its initial acquisition. A memory trace is a change in the nervous system caused by memorizing something. Consolidation is distinguished into two specific processes. The first, synaptic consolidation, which is thought to correspond to late-phase long-term potentiation, occurs on a small scale in the synaptic connections and neural circuits within the first few hours after learning.
Object storageObject storage (also known as object-based storage) is a computer data storage that manages data as objects, as opposed to other storage architectures like which manages data as a file hierarchy, and block storage which manages data as blocks within sectors and tracks. Each object typically includes the data itself, a variable amount of metadata, and a globally unique identifier. Object storage can be implemented at multiple levels, including the device level (object-storage device), the system level, and the interface level.
Aire tegmentale ventraleL'aire tegmentaire ventrale (ATV) quelquefois également appelée aire tegmentale ventrale, est constituée d'un groupe de neurones localisés dans le mésencéphale. Une majorité de ces neurones produisent le neurotransmetteur dopamine, alors que d'autres produisent du GABA ou du glutamate. Certains des neurones dopaminergiques libèrent aussi du glutamate ou du GABA, un phénomène appelé "cotransmission". Les neurones dopaminergiques de l'ATV projettent sur de nombreuses régions du cerveau en deux grandes voies : le système mésocortical et mésolimbique.
Disk storageDisk storage (also sometimes called drive storage) is a general category of storage mechanisms where data is recorded by various electronic, magnetic, optical, or mechanical changes to a surface layer of one or more rotating disks. A disk drive is a device implementing such a storage mechanism. Notable types are the hard disk drive (HDD) containing a non-removable disk, the floppy disk drive (FDD) and its removable floppy disk, and various optical disc drives (ODD) and associated optical disc media.
