Ene reactionIn organic chemistry, the ene reaction (also known as the Alder-ene reaction by its discoverer Kurt Alder in 1943) is a chemical reaction between an alkene with an allylic hydrogen (the ene) and a compound containing a multiple bond (the enophile), in order to form a new σ-bond with migration of the ene double bond and 1,5 hydrogen shift. The product is a substituted alkene with the double bond shifted to the allylic position. This transformation is a group transfer pericyclic reaction, and therefore, usually requires highly activated substrates and/or high temperatures.
Quantum spin liquidIn condensed matter physics, a quantum spin liquid is a phase of matter that can be formed by interacting quantum spins in certain magnetic materials. Quantum spin liquids (QSL) are generally characterized by their long-range quantum entanglement, fractionalized excitations, and absence of ordinary magnetic order. The quantum spin liquid state was first proposed by physicist Phil Anderson in 1973 as the ground state for a system of spins on a triangular lattice that interact antiferromagnetically with their nearest neighbors, i.
Variation clinalethumb|300px|Dans une espèce annulaire, le flux de gènes se produit entre des populations voisines d'une espèce, mais aux extrémités de "l'anneau", les populations ne peuvent pas se croiser. thumb|300px|Les variations des populations interfécondes (ici représentées par des blocs de couleurs) le long d'une cline peuvent suivre une courbe, formant finalement un anneau.
Algèbre universelleL'algèbre universelle est la branche de l'algèbre qui a pour but de traiter de manière générale et simultanée les différentes structures algébriques : groupes, monoïdes, anneaux, espaces vectoriels, etc. Elle permet de définir de manière uniforme les morphismes, les sous-structures (sous-groupes, sous-monoïdes, sous-anneaux, sous-espaces vectoriels, etc.), les quotients, les produits et les objets libres pour ces structures.
W-algebraIn conformal field theory and representation theory, a W-algebra is an associative algebra that generalizes the Virasoro algebra. W-algebras were introduced by Alexander Zamolodchikov, and the name "W-algebra" comes from the fact that Zamolodchikov used the letter W for one of the elements of one of his examples. A W-algebra is an associative algebra that is generated by the modes of a finite number of meromorphic fields , including the energy-momentum tensor . For , is a primary field of conformal dimension .
Relation algebraIn mathematics and abstract algebra, a relation algebra is a residuated Boolean algebra expanded with an involution called converse, a unary operation. The motivating example of a relation algebra is the algebra 2 X 2 of all binary relations on a set X, that is, subsets of the cartesian square X2, with R•S interpreted as the usual composition of binary relations R and S, and with the converse of R as the converse relation. Relation algebra emerged in the 19th-century work of Augustus De Morgan and Charles Peirce, which culminated in the algebraic logic of Ernst Schröder.
