Soil organic matterSoil organic matter (SOM) is the organic matter component of soil, consisting of plant and animal detritus at various stages of decomposition, cells and tissues of soil microbes, and substances that soil microbes synthesize. SOM provides numerous benefits to the physical and chemical properties of soil and its capacity to provide regulatory ecosystem services. SOM is especially critical for soil functions and quality.
Alkali soilAlkali, or Alkaline, soils are clay soils with high pH (greater than 8.5), a poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity. Often they have a hard calcareous layer at 0.5 to 1 metre depth. Alkali soils owe their unfavorable physico-chemical properties mainly to the dominating presence of sodium carbonate, which causes the soil to swell and difficult to clarify/settle. They derive their name from the alkali metal group of elements, to which sodium belongs, and which can induce basicity.
Mineral hydrationIn inorganic chemistry, mineral hydration is a reaction which adds water to the crystal structure of a mineral, usually creating a new mineral, commonly called a hydrate. In geological terms, the process of mineral hydration is known as retrograde alteration and is a process occurring in retrograde metamorphism. It commonly accompanies metasomatism and is often a feature of wall rock alteration around ore bodies. Hydration of minerals occurs generally in concert with hydrothermal circulation which may be driven by tectonic or igneous activity.
Carbonate–silicate cycleThe carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle, also known as the inorganic carbon cycle, describes the long-term transformation of silicate rocks to carbonate rocks by weathering and sedimentation, and the transformation of carbonate rocks back into silicate rocks by metamorphism and volcanism. Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere during burial of weathered minerals and returned to the atmosphere through volcanism.
Soil biomantleThe soil biomantle can be described and defined in several ways. Most simply, the soil biomantle is the organic-rich bioturbated upper part of the soil, including the topsoil where most biota live, reproduce, die, and become assimilated. The biomantle is thus the upper zone of soil that is predominantly a product of organic activity and the area where bioturbation is a dominant process. Soil bioturbation consists predominantly of three subsets: faunalturbation (animal burrowings), floralturbation (root growth, tree-uprootings), and fungiturbation (mycelia growth).
Groupe des chloritesUne chlorite est un minéral alumino-silicaté de fer ou de magnésium, généralement de couleur verdâtre, et voisin du mica par sa structure et ses propriétés physico-chimiques. Aujourd'hui le terme chlorite ne désigne plus un minéral précis mais une quinzaine de minéraux formant le groupe des chlorites, phyllosilicates de formule générale . Le nom « chlorite » vient du latin , lui-même transcrit du grec χλωρῖτις. Ce dernier terme dérive de χλωρός, « vert », en référence à la couleur de ces minéraux.
Soil chemistrySoil chemistry is the study of the chemical characteristics of soil. Soil chemistry is affected by mineral composition, organic matter and environmental factors. In the early 1870s a consulting chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society in England, named J. Thomas Way, performed many experiments on how soils exchange ions, and is considered the father of soil chemistry. Other scientists who contributed to this branch of ecology include Edmund Ruffin, and Linus Pauling.
Community (ecology)In ecology, a community is a group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time, also known as a biocoenosis, biotic community, biological community, ecological community, or life assemblage. The term community has a variety of uses. In its simplest form it refers to groups of organisms in a specific place or time, for example, "the fish community of Lake Ontario before industrialization".
Capacité d'échange cationiquevignette|Échange de cations à la surface d'une particule du sol. La capacité d'échange cationique (CEC ou T pour capacité Totale d'échange) d'un sol est la quantité de cations que celui-ci peut retenir sur son complexe adsorbant à un pH donné. La CEC est utilisée comme mesure de la fertilité d'un sol en indiquant la capacité de rétention des éléments nutritifs d'un sol donné. La CEC correspond donc au nombre de sites négatifs proposés à l'adsorption par l'argile et la (MOS).
Teneur en eau (milieux poreux)En physique des milieux poreux, on désigne par teneur en eau la quantité d'eau liquide contenue dans un échantillon de matière, par exemple un échantillon de sol, de roche, de céramique ou de bois, la quantité étant évaluée par un rapport pondéral ou volumétrique. Cette propriété intervient dans un large éventail de disciplines scientifiques et techniques, et s'exprime comme un rapport ou quotient, dont la valeur peut varier entre 0 (échantillon complètement sec) et (pour la teneur « volumétrique ») la « porosité à saturation » du matériau.
