Système alimentairevignette|redresse=1.8|Diagramme représentant la transformation du système alimentaire conventionnel en système alimentaire durable. Un système alimentaire est un ensemble de processus concernant la nutrition, l'alimentation, la santé, le développement communautaire et l'agriculture. Il comprend tous les processus et infrastructures urbaines impliqués dans l'alimentation d'une population : culture, récolte, transformation, emballage, transport, commercialisation, consommation, distribution alimentaire et élimination des aliments et des articles liés à l'alimentation.
Present valueIn economics and finance, present value (PV), also known as present discounted value, is the value of an expected income stream determined as of the date of valuation. The present value is usually less than the future value because money has interest-earning potential, a characteristic referred to as the time value of money, except during times of zero- or negative interest rates, when the present value will be equal or more than the future value. Time value can be described with the simplified phrase, "A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow".
Tree plantingTree planting is the process of transplanting tree seedlings, generally for forestry, land reclamation, or landscaping purposes. It differs from the transplantation of larger trees in arboriculture and from the lower-cost but slower and less reliable distribution of tree seeds. Trees contribute to their environment over long periods of time by providing oxygen, improving air quality, climate amelioration, conserving water, preserving soil, and supporting wildlife.
Vermicompostvignette|Turricules fraîchement récoltés formant un vermicompost. Le lombricompost, ou vermicompost, est une déjection de vers. C'est un amendement organique de qualité agronomique, qui se produit par la transformation de fumiers ou de déchets organiques domestiques par des vers du fumier. Le lombricompostage fait partie des différentes méthodes de valorisation des matières organiques, à la dimension rurale agricole ou citadine domestique, en utilisant le même type de vers.
DénatalitéIl y a dénatalité lorsque le taux de natalité est inférieur au taux de mortalité, de sorte que la population vieillit et décroît, à moins que l'immigration compense la variation naturelle de la population. La dénatalité survient lorsque la fécondité devient inférieure au taux de remplacement. La dénatalité correspond à une fécondité inférieure au taux de remplacement, autrement dit à un indice synthétique de fécondité (ISF) qui, s'il persiste, conduit à ce que chaque nouvelle génération compte moins d'individus que la précédente dans une zone donnée.
Income and fertilityIncome and fertility is the association between monetary gain on one hand, and the tendency to produce offspring on the other. There is generally an inverse correlation between income and the total fertility rate within and between nations. The higher the degree of education and GDP per capita of a human population, subpopulation or social stratum, the fewer children are born in any developed country. In a 1974 United Nations population conference in Bucharest, Karan Singh, a former minister of population in India, illustrated this trend by stating "Development is the best contraceptive.
FertilitéPour le sens commun, la fertilité désigne à la fin du la capacité des personnes, des animaux ou des plantes à produire une descendance viable et abondante. Le terme était généralement appliqué aux femmes, ou aux femelles des animaux, mais s'appliquent de plus en plus aux sujets mâles, au fur et à mesure des progrès dans la vision des mécanismes de la reproduction et de la meilleure connaissance du rôle de l'homme ou du mâle. Un couple dit fertile est un couple qui a commencé une grossesse après moins d'un an de rapports sexuels non protégés pendant la période fertile.
Plant nutrients in soilSeventeen elements or nutrients are essential for plant growth and reproduction. They are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), boron (B), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni) and chlorine (Cl). Nutrients required for plants to complete their life cycle are considered essential nutrients. Nutrients that enhance the growth of plants but are not necessary to complete the plant's life cycle are considered non-essential.
Food milesFood miles is the distance food is transported from the time of its making until it reaches the consumer. Food miles are one factor used when testing the environmental impact of food, such as the carbon footprint of the food. The concept of food miles originated in the early 1990s in the United Kingdom. It was conceived by Professor Tim Lang at the Sustainable Agriculture Food and Environment (SAFE) Alliance and first appeared in print in a report, "The Food Miles Report: The dangers of long-distance food transport", researched and written by Angela Paxton.
Fertility and intelligenceThe relationship between fertility and intelligence has been investigated in many demographic studies. There is evidence that, on a population level, measures of intelligence such as educational attainment and literacy are negatively correlated with fertility rate in some contexts. However, genetic studies have shown no evidence for dysgenic effects in human populations. Theories about dysgenic and eugenic effects in human populations have historically been associated with scientific racism.
