Animal génétiquement modifiéUn animal génétiquement modifié est un animal vivant dont le patrimoine génétique a été modifié par l'Homme. Un animal transgénique est un animal au génome duquel a été introduit par transgénèse un ou plusieurs gènes. Contrairement aux plantes transgéniques, qui font la une des journaux à l’occasion, les animaux transgéniques restent dans l’ombre. Il faut dire que la grande majorité d’entre eux n'en sont encore qu’au stade de la recherche et du développement. En 1980 est développé le premier animal transgénique.
Immortalised cell lineAn immortalised cell line is a population of cells from a multicellular organism which would normally not proliferate indefinitely but, due to mutation, have evaded normal cellular senescence and instead can keep undergoing division. The cells can therefore be grown for prolonged periods in vitro. The mutations required for immortality can occur naturally or be intentionally induced for experimental purposes. Immortal cell lines are a very important tool for research into the biochemistry and cell biology of multicellular organisms.
Genetic engineering techniquesGenetic engineering techniques allow the modification of animal and plant genomes. Techniques have been devised to insert, delete, and modify DNA at multiple levels, ranging from a specific base pair in a specific gene to entire genes. There are a number of steps that are followed before a genetically modified organism (GMO) is created. Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert, modify, or delete. The gene must then be isolated and incorporated, along with other genetic elements, into a suitable vector.
Directional selectionIn population genetics, directional selection, is a mode of negative natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype. Under directional selection, the advantageous allele increases as a consequence of differences in survival and reproduction among different phenotypes. The increases are independent of the dominance of the allele, and even if the allele is recessive, it will eventually become fixed.
Utilisation des antibiotiques en élevagevignette|Les antibiotiques permettent de neutraliser les bactéries présentes dans l'organisme tant chez les animaux que chez les êtres humains. Pour éviter l'antibiorésistance, il est donc important de respecter les règles d'utilisation. L'utilisation des antibiotiques en élevage a plusieurs finalités. Les antibiotiques sont utilisés en élevage d'abord pour traiter les animaux malades (usage thérapeutique ou curatif).
Sélection stabilisatriceEn génétique des populations, la sélection stabilisatrice ou stabilisante (à ne pas confondre avec la sélection négative ou purificatrice) est un mode de sélection naturelle dans laquelle la moyenne de la population se stabilise sur une valeur de trait non extrême particulière. On pense que c'est le mécanisme d'action le plus courant pour la sélection naturelle car la plupart des traits ne semblent pas changer radicalement au cours du temps.
Protein productionProtein production is the biotechnological process of generating a specific protein. It is typically achieved by the manipulation of gene expression in an organism such that it expresses large amounts of a recombinant gene. This includes the transcription of the recombinant DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA), the translation of mRNA into polypeptide chains, which are ultimately folded into functional proteins and may be targeted to specific subcellular or extracellular locations.
Bisulfite sequencingBisulfite sequencing (also known as bisulphite sequencing) is the use of bisulfite treatment of DNA before routine sequencing to determine the pattern of methylation. DNA methylation was the first discovered epigenetic mark, and remains the most studied. In animals it predominantly involves the addition of a methyl group to the carbon-5 position of cytosine residues of the dinucleotide CpG, and is implicated in repression of transcriptional activity.
Antibiotique bêta-lactamineLes bêta-lactamines (β-lactamines) ou antibiotiques β-lactame sont une large classe d'antibiotiques qui comprennent les dérivés de la pénicilline, les céphalosporines, les monobactames, les carbapénèmes et les inhibiteurs de la β-lactamase, en bref, tout antibiotique qui contient un noyau β-lactame dans sa structure moléculaire. Ces molécules possèdent un noyau (cycle bêta-lactame) qui est la partie efficace de la molécule. Des variations au niveau de la chaîne latérale naturelle ou greffée permettent de modifier les propriétés de la molécule antibiotique.
Antibiotic sensitivity testingAntibiotic sensitivity testing or antibiotic susceptibility testing is the measurement of the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics. It is used because bacteria may have resistance to some antibiotics. Sensitivity testing results can allow a clinician to change the choice of antibiotics from empiric therapy, which is when an antibiotic is selected based on clinical suspicion about the site of an infection and common causative bacteria, to directed therapy, in which the choice of antibiotic is based on knowledge of the organism and its sensitivities.
