Océan AtlantiqueL'océan Atlantique est l'un des cinq grands océans de la Terre. L'Atlantique fait partie de l'océan Mondial et comporte deux océans : l'Atlantique Nord et l'Atlantique Sud. Sa superficie de en fait le deuxième par la taille, derrière l'océan Pacifique. Il s'est formé par l'éloignement de plaques tectoniques il y a environ d'années. Pendant de nombreux siècles, il fut la première étape des explorations européennes. Aujourd'hui, il demeure une voie de communication importante pour les pays qui le bordent et il occupe évidemment un rôle géopolitique important.
Boundary currentBoundary currents are ocean currents with dynamics determined by the presence of a coastline, and fall into two distinct categories: western boundary currents and eastern boundary currents. Eastern boundary currents are relatively shallow, broad and slow-flowing. They are found on the eastern side of oceanic basins (adjacent to the western coasts of continents). Subtropical eastern boundary currents flow equatorward, transporting cold water from higher latitudes to lower latitudes; examples include the Benguela Current, the Canary Current, the Humboldt (Peru) Current, and the California Current.
Oceanic zoneThe oceanic zone is typically defined as the area of the ocean lying beyond the continental shelf (e.g. the neritic zone), but operationally is often referred to as beginning where the water depths drop to below , seaward from the coast into the open ocean with its pelagic zone. It is the region of open sea beyond the edge of the continental shelf and includes 65% of the ocean's completely open water. The oceanic zone has a wide array of undersea terrain, including trenches that are often deeper than Mount Everest is tall, as well as deep-sea volcanoes and basins.
Earth's internal heat budgetEarth's internal heat budget is fundamental to the thermal history of the Earth. The flow of heat from Earth's interior to the surface is estimated at 47±2 terawatts (TW) and comes from two main sources in roughly equal amounts: the radiogenic heat produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust, and the primordial heat left over from the formation of Earth. Earth's internal heat travels along geothermal gradients and powers most geological processes.
Lithosphèrevignette|350px|Schéma représentant la lithosphère rigide (2) qui est en équilibre isostatique sur l'asthénosphère ductile (1). La croûte océanique (4) et la croûte continentale (6) sont la partie supérieure de la lithosphère. La lithosphère est l'enveloppe rigide de la surface de la Terre. Elle comprend la croûte terrestre et une partie du manteau supérieur. Elle est divisée en un certain nombre de plaques tectoniques, également appelées plaques lithosphériques.
