Immunologie des tumeursL’immunologie des tumeurs (appelée aussi immunologie anti-tumorale ou immuno-oncologie) et son but, l'immunothérapie des cancers, sont une branche de la biologie et de la médecine qui consiste à étudier les relations entre une tumeur et le système immunitaire de l'hôte, afin de concevoir des traitements anticancéreux capables d'exploiter la puissance potentielle d'une réaction immunitaire dirigée contre la tumeur.
Primary tumorA primary tumor is a tumor growing at the anatomical site where tumor progression began and proceeded to yield a cancerous mass. Most solid cancers develop at their primary site but may then go on to metastasize or spread to other parts of the body. These further tumors are secondary tumors. Most cancers continue to be called after their primary site, as in breast cancer or lung cancer for example, even after they have spread to other parts of the body.
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumorPancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PanNETs, PETs, or PNETs), often referred to as "islet cell tumours", or "pancreatic endocrine tumours" are neuroendocrine neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous system within the pancreas. PanNETs are a type of neuroendocrine tumor, representing about one-third of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). Many PanNETs are benign, while some are malignant. Aggressive PanNET tumors have traditionally been termed "islet cell carcinoma".
Chemotherapy regimenA chemotherapy regimen is a regimen for chemotherapy, defining the drugs to be used, their dosage, the frequency and duration of treatments, and other considerations. In modern oncology, many regimens combine several chemotherapy drugs in combination chemotherapy. The majority of drugs used in cancer chemotherapy are cytostatic, many via cytotoxicity. A fundamental philosophy of medical oncology, including combination chemotherapy, is that different drugs work through different mechanisms, and that the results of using multiple drugs will be synergistic to some extent.
Hormonal therapy (oncology)Hormonal therapy in oncology is hormone therapy for cancer and is one of the major modalities of medical oncology (pharmacotherapy for cancer), others being cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapy (biotherapeutics). It involves the manipulation of the endocrine system through exogenous or external administration of specific hormones, particularly steroid hormones, or drugs which inhibit the production or activity of such hormones (hormone antagonists).
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytesTumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are white blood cells that have left the bloodstream and migrated towards a tumor. They include T cells and B cells and are part of the larger category of ‘tumor-infiltrating immune cells’ which consist of both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear immune cells, (i.e., T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, etc.) in variable proportions. Their abundance varies with tumor type and stage and in some cases relates to disease prognosis.
Anticorps monoclonalLes anticorps monoclonaux sont des anticorps produits naturellement par une même lignée de lymphocytes B activés ou plasmocytes, reconnaissant le même épitope d'un antigène. Afin de pouvoir être utilisés comme thérapie, ils sont produits grâce à une cellule issue de la fusion entre un lymphocyte B et une cellule cancéreuse (myélome) appelée hybridome. Durant les années 1970, il était connu qu'un cancer (myélome) des cellules B produisait de grandes quantités d'anticorps identiques.
Cytotoxicitévignette|B-lanac (lectine), un B-lanac bi-cytotoxique La cytotoxicité est la propriété d'un agent chimique ou biologique à être toxique pour les cellules, éventuellement jusqu'à les détruire. Médicaments cytostatiques. Lymphocyte T cytotoxique, responsable de l'immunité cellulaire. Lymphocyte NK, responsable de l'immunité naturelle (Natural Killer). Actinomycine D. Le venin de la vipère heurtante (Bitis arietans). Le traitement des cellules par un composé cytotoxique peut entraîner une variété de conséquences.
Treatment of cancerCancer can be treated by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy (including immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibody therapy) and synthetic lethality, most commonly as a series of separate treatments (e.g. chemotherapy before surgery). The choice of therapy depends upon the location and grade of the tumor and the stage of the disease, as well as the general state of the patient (performance status). Cancer genome sequencing helps in determining which cancer the patient exactly has for determining the best therapy for the cancer.
Immunothérapievignette|Thérapie adoptive par lymphocytes T (non annotée). Les lymphocytes T spécifiques du cancer peuvent être obtenus par fragmentation et isolement des lymphocytes infiltrant la tumeur, ou par génie génétique des cellules du sang périphérique. Les cellules sont activées L' consiste à administrer des substances stimulant les défenses immunitaires du malade pour lutter contre des pathologies installées, le plus souvent des cancers, voire contre des maladies dégénératives.
