Impact evaluationImpact evaluation assesses the changes that can be attributed to a particular intervention, such as a project, program or policy, both the intended ones, as well as ideally the unintended ones. In contrast to outcome monitoring, which examines whether targets have been achieved, impact evaluation is structured to answer the question: how would outcomes such as participants' well-being have changed if the intervention had not been undertaken? This involves counterfactual analysis, that is, "a comparison between what actually happened and what would have happened in the absence of the intervention.
Nondeterministic algorithmIn computer programming, a nondeterministic algorithm is an algorithm that, even for the same input, can exhibit different behaviors on different runs, as opposed to a deterministic algorithm. There are several ways an algorithm may behave differently from run to run. A concurrent algorithm can perform differently on different runs due to a race condition. A probabilistic algorithm's behaviors depends on a random number generator.
Eli WhitneyEli Whitney ( – ) est un mécanicien et industriel américain, inventeur de diverses machines. Il pressent dès 1798 la tendance croissante à la production en série et est l'un des précurseurs de l'organisation rationnelle du travail. Coton Sea island En 1793, Whitney invente le cotton gin, une égreneuse pour séparer la graine du coton de sa fibre, pour laquelle il reçoit un brevet daté du 14 mars 1794. Cette machine permet de faciliter une étape de production exigeant alors beaucoup de main-d’œuvre.
Tangent half-angle substitutionIn integral calculus, the tangent half-angle substitution is a change of variables used for evaluating integrals, which converts a rational function of trigonometric functions of into an ordinary rational function of by setting . This is the one-dimensional stereographic projection of the unit circle parametrized by angle measure onto the real line. The general transformation formula is: The tangent of half an angle is important in spherical trigonometry and was sometimes known in the 17th century as the half tangent or semi-tangent.
