Polyunsaturated fatty acidIn biochemistry and nutrition, polyunsaturated fatty acids (abbreviated PUFAs) are fatty acids that contain more than one double bond in their backbone. This class includes many important compounds, such as essential fatty acids and those that give drying oils their characteristic property. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are precursors to and are derived from polyunsaturated fats. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are a subclass of fatty acids possessing two or more carbon–carbon double bonds.
Monounsaturated fat_Monounsaturated fatty acid In biochemistry and nutrition, monounsaturated fats (also known as monounsaturated fatty acids or MUFAs) are fatty acids that have one double bond in the fatty acid chain with all of the remainder carbon atoms being single-bonded. By contrast, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have more than one double bond. Fatty acids are long-chained molecules having an alkyl group at one end and a carboxylic acid group at the other end.
Insulinevignette|Les deux chaines de l'insuline bovine. En rouge les ponts disulfures. vignette|droite|Modélisation 3D d'une molécule d'insuline. L'insuline (du insula « île ») est une hormone protéique sécrétée par les cellules β des îlots de Langerhans dans le pancréas, ainsi que dans les corps de Brockmann de certains poissons téléostéens. Elle a un effet important sur le métabolisme des glucides, des lipides et des protéines en favorisant l'absorption du glucose présent dans le sang par les cellules adipeuses, les cellules du foie et celles des muscles squelettiques.
Immunité cellulaireCell-mediated immunity or cellular immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. In the late 19th century Hippocratic tradition medicine system, the immune system was imagined into two branches: humoral immunity, for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor (cell-free bodily fluid or serum) and cellular immunity, for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells.
Unsaturated fatAn unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain. A fatty acid chain is monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond. A saturated fat has no carbon to carbon double bonds, so the maximum possible number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons, and is "saturated" with hydrogen atoms. To form carbon to carbon double bonds, hydrogen atoms are removed from the carbon chain.
Macadamia oilMacadamia oil (or macadamia nut oil) is the non-volatile oil collected from the nuts of the macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia), a native Australian plant. It is used in food as a frying or salad oil, and in cosmetic formulations as an emollient or fragrance fixative. Macadamia integrifolia is an Australian tree with holly-like leaves that grows well in a moist organic soil and can withstand temperatures as low as −4.4 °C (24 °F). Seedlings bear in 5–7 years. The fruit is borne in a case enclosing an extremely hard spherical nut.
Histone acetylation and deacetylationHistone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the N-terminal tail protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated and deacetylated as part of gene regulation. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are essential parts of gene regulation. These reactions are typically catalysed by enzymes with "histone acetyltransferase" (HAT) or "histone deacetylase" (HDAC) activity. Acetylation is the process where an acetyl functional group is transferred from one molecule (in this case, acetyl coenzyme A) to another.
Anti-inflammatoire non stéroïdienLes anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens, souvent abrégés en AINS, sont des médicaments aux propriétés antalgiques, antipyrétiques et anti-inflammatoires. Ils réduisent la douleur, la fièvre et l'inflammation. Le terme « non stéroïdien » est utilisé pour les distinguer des glucocorticoïdes (appelés communément corticoïdes), qui (parmi un large éventail d'effets) ont une semblable action anti-inflammatoire (dépression des eicosanoïdes). Le terme a été introduit dans les pour marquer la distinction avec la cortisone et ses dérivés.
Biosynthèse des acides grasLa biosynthèse des acides gras est une voie métabolique essentielle du processus de lipogenèse chez les eucaryotes et les bactéries. Elle réalise la biosynthèse d'acides gras par condensations de Claisen successives d'unités ou sur une amorce d' catalysées par l'acide gras synthase (). vignette|upright=2|Biosynthèse de l'acide palmitique par la chez . De façon semblable à la , la biosynthèse des acides gras linéaires saturés met en œuvre de façon itérative les six réactions présentées dans le tableau ci-dessous, jusqu'à la production de l'acide palmitique.
Insulin receptorThe insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II and belongs to the large class of receptor tyrosine kinase. Metabolically, the insulin receptor plays a key role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis; a functional process that under degenerate conditions may result in a range of clinical manifestations including diabetes and cancer. Insulin signalling controls access to blood glucose in body cells.
