Selective sweepIn genetics, a selective sweep is the process through which a new beneficial mutation that increases its frequency and becomes fixed (i.e., reaches a frequency of 1) in the population leads to the reduction or elimination of genetic variation among nucleotide sequences that are near the mutation. In selective sweep, positive selection causes the new mutation to reach fixation so quickly that linked alleles can "hitchhike" and also become fixed.
Problème du sac à dosEn algorithmique, le problème du sac à dos, parfois noté (KP) (de l'anglais Knapsack Problem) est un problème d'optimisation combinatoire. Ce problème classique en informatique et en mathématiques modélise une situation analogue au remplissage d'un sac à dos. Il consiste à trouver la combinaison d'éléments la plus précieuse à inclure dans un sac à dos, étant donné un ensemble d'éléments décrits par leurs poids et valeurs.
Wicked problemIn planning and policy, a wicked problem is a problem that is difficult or impossible to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that are often difficult to recognize. It refers to an idea or problem that cannot be fixed, where there is no single solution to the problem; and "wicked" denotes resistance to resolution, rather than evil. Another definition is "a problem whose social complexity means that it has no determinable stopping point".
Fitness cultureFitness culture is a sociocultural phenomenon surrounding exercise and physical fitness. It is usually associated with gym culture, as doing physical exercises in locations such as gyms, wellness centres and health clubs is a popular activity. An international survey found that more than 27% of world total adult population attends fitness centres, and that 61% of regular exercisers are currently doing "gym-type" activities. Getting and maintaining physical fitness has been shown to benefit individuals' inner and outer health.
Viable system theoryViable system theory (VST) concerns cybernetic processes in relation to the development/evolution of dynamical systems. They are considered to be living systems in the sense that they are complex and adaptive, can learn, and are capable of maintaining an autonomous existence, at least within the confines of their constraints. These attributes involve the maintenance of internal stability through adaptation to changing environments. One can distinguish between two strands such theory: formal systems and principally non-formal system.
Viable system modelThe viable system model (VSM) is a model of the organizational structure of any autonomous system capable of producing itself. A viable system is any system organised in such a way as to meet the demands of surviving in the changing environment. One of the prime features of systems that survive is that they are adaptable. The VSM expresses a model for a viable system, which is an abstracted cybernetic (regulation theory) description that is claimed to be applicable to any organisation that is a viable system and capable of autonomy.
Coach sportifdroite|vignette|250x250px|Photo illustrant le travail pédagogique de la coach dans l'utilisation d'un Bosu balance. Un coach sportif ou entraîneur personnel est un professionnel chargé d'assister des personnes dans leur entraînement physique. Il motive ses élèves et les aide à se fixer des objectifs en leur apportant son expertise sur la faisabilité. Les coaches évaluent les points forts et les faiblesses de leurs élèves ainsi que leur forme physique.
Autonomous agency theoryAutonomous agency theory (AAT) is a viable system theory (VST) which models autonomous social complex adaptive systems. It can be used to model the relationship between an agency and its environment(s), and these may include other interactive agencies. The nature of that interaction is determined by both the agency's external and internal attributes and constraints. Internal attributes may include immanent dynamic "self" processes that drive agency change.
Anisogamievignette|Différents types d'anisogamie : A) Anisogamie des gamètes mobiles B) Oogamie (ovule non mobile, spermatozoïde mobile) C) Anisogamie des gamètes non mobiles L'anisogamie est une forme de fécondation dans laquelle les gamètes mâle et femelle sont de taille et de morphologie différentes. Son antonyme est l'isogamie. D'une manière générale, les gamètes femelles sont plus volumineux, plus riches en réserves, moins mobiles et moins abondants que les gamètes mâles.
Pseudosciencethumb|redresse|Dans le domaine de la pseudoscience :Instrument du début du conçu par Franciszek Rychnowski afin de mesurer les radiations d'une « énergie cosmique ». La pseudoscience ou pseudo-science (du grec ancien ψευδής, et du latin scientia, ) est une discipline qui est présentée sous des apparences scientifiques, mais qui n'en a pas la démarche, ni la reconnaissance. Elle se situe en opposition à la science.
