Majorité civileLa majorité civile ou majorité légale ou encore simplement majorité est l'âge auquel un individu est juridiquement considéré comme civilement capable et responsable, c'est-à-dire essentiellement l'âge à partir duquel il est capable de s'engager par les liens d'un contrat ou d'un autre acte juridique (sauf exception). Avant cet âge, l'individu est dit « mineur ». Un mineur peut être propriétaire ou être engagé par les liens d'un contrat, mais il ne peut disposer librement de sa propriété ni en principe s'engager seul (à moins d'être émancipé).
Kidney developmentKidney development, or nephrogenesis, describes the embryologic origins of the kidney, a major organ in the urinary system. This article covers a 3 part developmental process that is observed in most reptiles, birds and mammals, including humans. Nephrogenesis is often considered in the broader context of the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. The development of the kidney proceeds through a series of successive phases, each marked by the development of a more advanced kidney: the archinephros, pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros.
Development of the urinary systemThe development of the urinary system begins during prenatal development, and relates to the development of the urogenital system – both the organs of the urinary system and the sex organs of the reproductive system. The development continues as a part of sexual differentiation. The urinary and reproductive organs are developed from the intermediate mesoderm. The permanent organs of the adult are preceded by a set of structures which are purely embryonic, and which with the exception of the ducts disappear almost entirely before birth.
Urinary castUrinary casts are microscopic cylindrical structures produced by the kidney and present in the urine in certain disease states. They form in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts of nephrons, then dislodge and pass into the urine, where they can be detected by microscopy. They form via precipitation of Tamm–Horsfall mucoprotein, which is secreted by renal tubule cells, and sometimes also by albumin in conditions of proteinuria. Cast formation is pronounced in environments favoring protein denaturation and precipitation (low flow, concentrated salts, low pH).
