Système nerveux entériquevignette|nerf innervant le tube intestinal et plexus nerveux. Le système nerveux entérique est la partie du système nerveux autonome qui contrôle le système digestif aussi bien pour l'activité motrice (péristaltisme, vomissements, complexes moteurs migrants, réflexes entériques) que pour les sécrétions et la vascularisation. La neurogastroentérologie, l'étude du système nerveux entérique, a fait de nombreux progrès à la fin des années 1990.
Closed-loop controllerA closed-loop controller or feedback controller is a control loop which incorporates feedback, in contrast to an open-loop controller or non-feedback controller. A closed-loop controller uses feedback to control states or outputs of a dynamical system. Its name comes from the information path in the system: process inputs (e.g., voltage applied to an electric motor) have an effect on the process outputs (e.g., speed or torque of the motor), which is measured with sensors and processed by the controller; the result (the control signal) is "fed back" as input to the process, closing the loop.
AstrogliosisAstrogliosis (also known as astrocytosis or referred to as reactive astrogliosis) is an abnormal increase in the number of astrocytes due to the destruction of nearby neurons from central nervous system (CNS) trauma, infection, ischemia, stroke, autoimmune responses or neurodegenerative disease. In healthy neural tissue, astrocytes play critical roles in energy provision, regulation of blood flow, homeostasis of extracellular fluid, homeostasis of ions and transmitters, regulation of synapse function and synaptic remodeling.
RodentiaLes rongeurs ou Rodentiens (Rodentia) sont un ordre de mammifères placentaires (le plus grand ordre de mammifères, regroupant plus de ). Ces animaux se caractérisent par leur unique paire d'incisives à croissance continue sur chacune de leurs mâchoires (ce qui les distingue des Lagomorphes), qui leur servent à ronger leur nourriture, à creuser des galeries ou à se défendre. Le reste de leur morphologie est relativement variable, mais la majorité des espèces sont de petite taille, avec un corps trapu, des pattes courtes et une longue queue.
Animal testing on rodentsRodents are commonly used in animal testing, particularly mice and rats, but also guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils and others. Mice are the most commonly used vertebrate species, due to their availability, size, low cost, ease of handling, and fast reproduction rate. TOC In the UK in 2015, there were 3.33 million procedures on rodents (80% of total procedures that year). The most common species used were mice (3.03 million procedures, or 73% of total) and rats (268,522, or 6.5%).
Neuromodulation (medicine)Neuromodulation is "the alteration of nerve activity through targeted delivery of a stimulus, such as electrical stimulation or chemical agents, to specific neurological sites in the body". It is carried out to normalize – or modulate – nervous tissue function. Neuromodulation is an evolving therapy that can involve a range of electromagnetic stimuli such as a magnetic field (rTMS), an electric current, or a drug instilled directly in the subdural space (intrathecal drug delivery).
Central nervous system diseaseCentral nervous system diseases, also known as central nervous system disorders, are a group of neurological disorders that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord, which collectively form the central nervous system (CNS). These disorders may be caused by such things as infection, injury, blood clots, age related degeneration, cancer, autoimmune disfunction, and birth defects. The symptoms vary widely, as do the treatments. Central nervous system tumors are the most common forms of pediatric cancer.
Control loopA control loop is the fundamental building block of control systems in general industrial control systems and industrial control systems in particular. It consists of the process sensor, the controller function, and the final control element (FCE) which controls the process necessary to automatically adjust the value of a measured process variable (PV) to equal the value of a desired set-point (SP). There are two common classes of control loop: open loop and closed loop.
Brain-readingBrain-reading or thought identification uses the responses of multiple voxels in the brain evoked by stimulus then detected by fMRI in order to decode the original stimulus. Advances in research have made this possible by using human neuroimaging to decode a person's conscious experience based on non-invasive measurements of an individual's brain activity. Brain reading studies differ in the type of decoding (i.e. classification, identification and reconstruction) employed, the target (i.e.
Neurostimulationvignette|Implant cochléaire un appareil électronique qui stimule le nerf auditif grâce à des électrodes placées dans la cochlée de l'oreille interne, permettant à certaines personnes gravement sourdes de percevoir les sons. Pour les personnes souffrant de perte auditive sévère à profonde, les appareils auditifs implantables comme les implants cochléaires peuvent être une solution efficace La neurostimulation est la stimulation d'un nerf ou de plusieurs nerfs, de la moelle épinière ou d'une partie du cerveau (système nerveux central) à l'aide de neurostimulateurs.
