Chimie numériqueLa chimie numérique ou chimie informatique, parfois aussi chimie computationnelle, est une branche de la chimie et de la physico-chimie qui utilise les lois de la chimie théorique exploitées dans des programmes informatiques spécifiques afin de calculer structures et propriétés d'objets chimiques tels que les molécules, les solides, les agrégats atomiques (ou clusters), les surfaces, etc., en appliquant autant que possible ces programmes à des problèmes chimiques réels.
Lamellar phaseLamellar phase refers generally to packing of polar-headed long chain nonpolar-tail molecules in an environment of bulk polar liquid, as sheets of bilayers separated by bulk liquid. In biophysics, polar lipids (mostly, phospholipids, and rarely, glycolipids) pack as a liquid crystalline bilayer, with hydrophobic fatty acyl long chains directed inwardly and polar headgroups of lipids aligned on the outside in contact with water, as a 2-dimensional flat sheet surface.
Lipid bilayer fusionIn membrane biology, fusion is the process by which two initially distinct lipid bilayers merge their hydrophobic cores, resulting in one interconnected structure. If this fusion proceeds completely through both leaflets of both bilayers, an aqueous bridge is formed and the internal contents of the two structures can mix. Alternatively, if only one leaflet from each bilayer is involved in the fusion process, the bilayers are said to be hemifused.
British degree abbreviationsDegree abbreviations are used as an alternative way to specify an academic degree instead of spelling out the title in full, such as in reference books such as Who's Who and on business cards. Many degree titles have more than one possible abbreviation, with the abbreviation used varying between different universities. In the UK it is normal not to punctuate abbreviations for degrees with full stops (e.g. "BSc" rather than "B.Sc."), although this is done at some universities.
Saturated fatA saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds. A fat known as a glyceride is made of two kinds of smaller molecules: a short glycerol backbone and fatty acids that each contain a long linear or branched chain of carbon (C) atoms. Along the chain, some carbon atoms are linked by single bonds (-C-C-) and others are linked by double bonds (-C=C-). A double bond along the carbon chain can react with a pair of hydrogen atoms to change into a single -C-C- bond, with each H atom now bonded to one of the two C atoms.
Honours degreeUn Honours Degree (traduit par baccalauréat spécialisé au Canada, abrégé Hons ou BA (Hons), Honors aux États-Unis) est un titre académique de recherche, attribué dans la majorité des pays anglo-saxons, principalement aux États-Unis, Royaume-Uni, Australie, Nouvelle-Zélande, Canada, et en Afrique du Sud. Ce titre est aussi attribué dans les pays non anglo-saxons comme les Pays-Bas ou Hong Kong qui ont adopté une tradition académique d'excellence sur le modèle anglo-saxon dans une stratégie d'internationalisation.
Diagramme de phaseUn diagramme de phase, ou diagramme de phases, est une représentation graphique utilisée en thermodynamique, généralement à deux ou trois dimensions, représentant les domaines de l'état physique (ou phase) d'un système (corps pur ou mélange de corps purs), en fonction de variables, choisies pour faciliter la compréhension des phénomènes étudiés. Les diagrammes les plus simples concernent un corps pur avec pour variables la température et la pression ; les autres variables souvent utilisées sont l'enthalpie, l'entropie, le volume massique, ainsi que la concentration en masse ou en volume d'un des corps purs constituant un mélange.
Coarse-grained modelingCoarse-grained modeling, coarse-grained models, aim at simulating the behaviour of complex systems using their coarse-grained (simplified) representation. Coarse-grained models are widely used for molecular modeling of biomolecules at various granularity levels. A wide range of coarse-grained models have been proposed. They are usually dedicated to computational modeling of specific molecules: proteins, nucleic acids, lipid membranes, carbohydrates or water.
Fluide supercritiquevignette|droite|300px|Diagramme de phase pression-température du dioxyde de carbone, montrant le point triple et le point critique. En chimie physique, on qualifie de fluide supercritique l'état de la matière soumise à une température élevée et une forte pression mais pas au point de devenir solide. Plus précisément, on parle de fluide supercritique lorsqu'un fluide est chauffé au-delà de sa température critique et comprimé au-dessus de sa pression critique.
Lipid polymorphismPolymorphism in biophysics is the ability of lipids to aggregate in a variety of ways, giving rise to structures of different shapes, known as "phases". This can be in the form of spheres of lipid molecules (micelles), pairs of layers that face one another (lamellar phase, observed in biological systems as a lipid bilayer), a tubular arrangement (hexagonal), or various cubic phases (Fdm, Imm, Iam, Pnm, and Pmm being those discovered so far). More complicated aggregations have also been observed, such as rhombohedral, tetragonal and orthorhombic phases.
